Diversity in the Classroom - 1546 Words

iverse learning profiles in the class roomDiverse Learning Profiles in the Classroom By Phillip Anton INTRODUCTION Teachers are faced with the challenge of students bringing with them, vastly different experiences, cultures, interests and abilities. These characteristics can have a great impact on how students learn. Teaching to such a diverse group requires teachers to be more flexible and place a greater emphasis on the individual. Through the aid of variety and choice, teachers can differentiate presentation to motivate interest in the individual, and hence aid the student to become an independent learner. (Tomlinson, C. A., Brighton, C., Hertberg, H., Callahan, C. M., Moon, T. R., Brimijoin, K., Conover, L. A. and Reynolds, T.†¦show more content†¦By teaching through stories, of shepherds, fishermen, seasons of growth and harvest, rich men, servants, kings and slaves, he was able to impart the same message, to a diverse audience, so that all could relate to, and understand according to their own experiences. Teaching methods of old sought to adapt the student to the material being presented. Jesus’ methods aptly illustrate that today’s teachers need to be able to adapt to the learning capacity of the students. Jesus also differed in many ways to those around him but transformed the lives of others by the way he lived. By his example, he helped mold many into his own image (The Role of the Christian Teacher 2013). As teachers who are Christian, our aim should not be to directly preach about Christianity. This can be left to the local church priest or pastor, and the willingness of the individual to accept such a direct approach. In a diverse classroom there will be students with vastly different beliefs and experiences that contrast our own, and that impact on their learning capabilities. The goal would then be, like Jesus, to subtly portray our Christian understanding by our own actions, therefore becoming a role model to students. Jesus taught: â€Å"†¦everyone who is fully trained will be like his teacher† Luke 6:41 As role models, we should be aware that students may imitate and model their behaviour according to the way we as teachers act, speak andShow MoreRelatedDiversity in classroom943 Words   |  4 Pagesto me learning how to deal with diversity, classroom control, and accommodation for different learning styles. In my field experiment, I focused on diversity and how it plays a huge part in how the students interact and learn within the classroom. Diversity simply put, is to have variety or differences inside of a group. Diversity in the classroom may include: exceptionalities, culture, language, learning style and gender. Different types of diversities in a classroom can if not recognized, and accommodatedRead MoreDiversity And Diversity Within The Classroom1550 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity in the classroom means realizing that every student is unique in their own way. Diversity has always been a part of the classroom, but in today’s society, it is even more important to emb race and promote the different cultures. When a teacher values diversity, this attitude will trickle down and impact students in a positive way. It is not enough to just talk about being diverse, teachers must show they embrace multiculturalism through their actions. For example, when asking studentsRead MoreDiversity in the Classroom Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in classrooms can open student’s minds to all the world has to offer. At times diversity and understanding of culture, deviant experiences and perspectives can be difficult to fulfill, but with appropriate strategies and resources, it can lead students gaining a high level of respect for those unlike them, preferably than a judgmental and prejudiced view. Diversity has broad ranges of spectrums. Students from all across the continent; students from political refugees, indigenous AmericansRead MoreCultural Diversity in the Classroom754 Words   |  4 PagesDiane Uonites Cultural Diversity in the Classroom March 13, 2016 Sean Diana Part One: Collage: Personal Cultural Identity My ancestors came from Germany, Sweden, and Norway. My ancestor’s journey was by ship and landed in Ellis Island. What I value about my culture is my family and how important they are. I also value how we depend on one another to get through the day. Sisters, brothers, nieces and nephew, son and daughters. To be an American is to have the freedom to do what I wantRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Classroom2069 Words   |  9 PagesManaging Diversity in the Classroom Introduction In a regular classroom, there is a wide range of diversity of students. They are different in gender, culture, social class and learning ability. Some students may have learning difficulty or disability. When they receive education in school, it is necessary to adopt special education strategies. In this essay, I am going to suggest some educational skills and strategies for managing and teaching students with dyslexia in Mathematics lessons. DyslexiaRead MoreGraduation Speech : Classroom Diversity1591 Words   |  7 PagesClassroom Diversity I teach first grade in a public school. I have eighteen students in my class, eight girls and ten boys. In my classroom, I have a very diverse group of students. Some of the diversity in my classroom is very obvious and some is not. A lot of my students come from different racial, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Some of the diversity is not that visible. All students learn differently; meaning they have different learning styles, different levels of motivation and differentRead MoreDiversity in the Classroom Essay examples876 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze the word diversity when examining the need for diversity within a classroom. According to Websters New Pocket Dictionary, diversity means variety, a number of different kinds. I often discuss and read about diversity in terms of cultural backgrounds; the unification of histories and stories from people from all over the world. Although, I believe that in a higher-educational setting, diversity can also be discussed as the a cceptance of the various minds within a classroom. I believe thatRead MoreCultural Diversity Within The Classroom1288 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Diversity in the Classroom-What Every Teacher Needs to Know Most teachers in the United States are Caucasian English speakers who do not have much experience teaching students from other areas of the world. The cultural differences that this creates can often put teachers at odds with their students. Sometimes the cultural beliefs of the teachers may even clash with those of the students which can end up preventing the student from having a positive or successful learning experience. TheseRead MoreEducational Diversity Within The Classroom777 Words   |  4 PagesEducational diversity in today’s classroom is easily attainable because human differences are desired. As teachers, we have a strong moral obligation to share our passion for learning with our students, but we often doubt our effectiveness. As educational leaders and administrators, it is our mission to implement a student-centered approach to learning and to facilitate a community of learning. With the students in the center of our decisions and behaviors, it is imperati ve that we consider allRead MoreStudent Diversity and Classroom Management1041 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Diversity and Classroom Management Classroom Management is imperative to a successful school year because it includes all of the practices and procedures that allow teachers to teach and students to learn. Without appropriate classroom management, even the best lesson plans will fail to succeed because it has such a huge impact on student achievement. Successful classroom management should begin the minute students walk into the classroom on the first day of school. Procedures and

The Gas And Natural Gas - 1808 Words

With reserves in 31 states, the US has a supply of natural gas large enough to provide the country with energy for decades (â€Å"Gas Drilling: The Story So Far†). Access to these vast deposits is helping to significantly decrease the United States’ reliance on foreign energy, as we have recently become the largest natural gas producer worldwide (â€Å"Hydraulic Fracturing Natural Gas and Oil Development†). In addition to abundance, natural gas has several other benefits as well. Natural gas emits only half as much carbon dioxide when burned than coal does, and currently the cost per unit is only one third that of oil, giving it some clear advantages over other widely used fossil fuels (Harvey, Hal). As stated by chairman of BP Capital T. Boone†¦show more content†¦Many of the additives on this list are known toxins, carcinogens, and volatile organic compounds that are recognized for their ability to cause harm in the human body (Lustgarten, Abraham ). Colborn and her co-authors went a step further to evaluate every chemical on the list in terms of health effects, and the results were alarming. Although the effects were detrimental across the board, Colborn found 71 chemicals that were associated with causing harm in 10 or more areas, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and reproductive systems. What is even more concerning is that companies find a way to justify their use of harmful substances by claiming that they make up only a small fraction of the injected fluid; less than one percent. However, experts like Colborn believe that even a seemingly small percentage translates to tens of thousands of gallons of these chemicals being pumped underground, and their research shows that even very low doses of the compounds can cause significant damage (Lustgarten, Abraham). One of the most prominent concerns regarding the toxicity of chemical additives lies in the threat of groundwater contamination. A lthough a 2004 EPA study concluded that fracking poses no threat to drinking water, the rising

Internal Factors free essay sample

Parents strategies( W1+ T2)| a) SO strategy Eastern amp; Oriental has a good brand name and well- known product among Malaysians. Brand equity is the value and strength of the brand that decides its worth. Eamp;O is a strong and familiar company with their brand like hotels where is give some favourable positive strong and distinctive brand association in the public’s memory. Eastern amp; Oriental Berhad should strengthen their promotion method by using advertisement through mass media. Eamp;O can use Malaysian Tourism Sector to improve their brand equity. Malaysian Tourism Sector is the one way to promote product and let people know their products. Populations in Malaysia increasing everydays, it gives Eamp;O more opportunities with increasing the number of branches. Besides that, Eamp;O can expand their business with make a good relationship between employee. Great relationship with employee can motivate workers to do great tasks and jobs. b) ST strategy As we know nature disaster is not under our controlled. We cannot control when nature disaster can occur. Eastern amp; Oriental can take this threat as a strength, where Eamp;O may build many station or branches as alternative options. So that, when disaster nature happens, only station for that location are damaged but then, there are anothers branches. Eamp;O have to build a good relationship between customers. So that, indirectly, customers will help Eamp;O promote their products to relatives, friends and others. Top management of Eamp;O should emphasize about relationships between customers and employees. Success of a company not only depends on the operating solely but also the efficiency of employees in the company. For E amp;O Berhad, their employees are most valuable asset toward the success of business. Beside the incentives that already be given to the employee such as rewards, E amp; O incentives for workers who perform on their performances accordance to standards such as reward or bonuses is one of the strategic method to motivate workers give full commitment in completing their jobs. Natural of human being, people tends to do their best if they will be rewarded. By using this method of management, an organization could get benefit in their production and thus increase the profit. c) WO Strategy Placing a good strategic can affect the frequency number of customers’ consumption towards company’s products. This is one of the factors which the company should have to be concern regarding sensitivity of customers that is risk assessment. E amp; O can analyze and do research of the environmental scanning in terms of the location which has uncertainty risk that it will be threat towards company’s activity performance such as earthquakes, rainfall region, high land and any other places that have high possibility in risk. As we know, nowadays people tends to use technologies most of the time. Purchasing groceries, monitor children and others transactions with the technology. So that, E amp; O must take this threats of technologies as a opportunities where it can ease E amp; O more. d) WT Strategy In order to avoid competition in hospitality industry, E amp; O could use a parent procedure or guidelines to overcome those threats. Parents procedure usually was a successful strategy that already approved by the performance of parents company. Thus by using parents procedure, E amp; O just not able to overcome the threats but also able to increasing company performance toward company objective. Ratio Analysis. Ratio| Formula| Answer| Current Ratio| Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities| Eamp;O Berhad’s rich history and heritage, infused by its namesake, the Eamp;O Hotel in Penang form the cornerstone for the Group’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This is Eamp;O’s guiding principle as they conduct their business in a manner that will enable them to contribute towards the preservation of the heritage, culture and arts within the communities they operate in. This is specially meaningful since George Town’s inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as well as the recognition of the 127- years old Eamp;O Hotel as a Penang heritage landmark. Demonstrate they commitment to and belief in CSR by conducting their business in an economically, socially and environmentally responsible manner while simultaneously balancing the interests of their diverse stakeholders. Preserving culture, heritage and arts During the financial year, a significant portion of the Eamp;O Group’s limited available resources were allocated towards heritage and cultural activities supporting George Town as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, consistent with the Group’s strong presence in Penang. This included supporting the month- long George Town Festival (GTF) which is organized by the Penang State Government, Municipal Council of Penang Island, George Town World Heritage Incorporated and Penang Global Tourism to commemorate the city’s inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage listing. The Group’s collaboration with The Actors Studio (TAS), Malaysia’s foremost performing arts group, to set up the Performing Arts Centre of Penang (penangpac) is seen as a positive step in providing penangites and the northern region with greater access to the arts. Other ongoing CSR initiatives include contributions to underprivileged communities, charities and non- governmental organisations as well as facilitating the Community Recycling Centre in their Seri Tanjung Pinang masterplanned seafront development as part of the â€Å"Green Our World† initiative where proceeds from the sale of recyclable items were donated to charity. The Group also contributed to the Chinese New Year Cultural and Heritage celebrations that were held Penang- state wide with the participation of local associations and schools in the core heritage zone. Transparency in the market place. In maintaining transparency and accountability to their stakeholders, the Group continually provides clear, transparent and timely information to the marketplace through regular press releases, roadshows, briefings, meetings and interviews with members of the media, investment community and analyst. Shareholders and invited participants like the Minority Stakeholder Watchdog Group (MSWG) are briefed directly on the company’s performance and plans at annual and extraordinary general meetings. Accessible in the public domain and regularly updated is the Group’s corporate information at www. easterandoriental.

Rondalla’s Struggle to Past Until Present Essay Sample free essay sample

This research paper widens the cognition of people. particularly for the younger coevalss. about the being and importance of Filipino Folk Music through researching the universe of Rondalla. It shows the importance Rondalla to the Filipino society through researching its roots. ( where it originated ) and through showcasing the methods of resurgence of the art at present. This research pushes one to research its tract of development until it bloomed and became an of import factor for the Filipino civilization. Rondalla is more than merely a group of stringed instruments. it is a group showcasing the beauty of our ain music with the integrity and singularity of its tune from other states. Finally. this research. aside from giving the Acts of the Apostless and facets of Rondalla. besides makes one aware of the impairment of the art and persuades one to forestall its loss from our ain Filipino civilization. IntroductionOne of the greatest ways to show oneself is through music. We will write a custom essay sample on Rondalla’s Struggle to Past Until Present Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It brings out one’s emotions and can act upon the tempers and feeling of a individual. Music can function a batch of intent: it can be used as agencies of communicating and it can even be a medical specialty for the psyche ; but the most common intent of music is for amusement. In the early yearss. with our ancestor’s limited cognition of. they merely know how to bring forth simple sounds and tunes through the limited beginnings in their environment along with their creativeness and resourcefulness. As clip base on balls. because of people’s wonder and thirst for cognition of music. they began to seek and research new things to heighten their construct about music. For case. before. the instruments used to bring forth. music were mere stuffs available in the environment. but now. people were able to come up with new tools and instruments. Soon. great figure of instruments were invented that they were classified into groups. like chordophone. idiophone and drum. Then. people formed groups harmonizing to their categorization. tune they produce and to their gustatory sensation of music ; groups like stone set. orchestra and our ain Rondalla. Rondalla is a bequest that we inherited from our great ascendants ; it is an art that gives more life and colour to our already rich civilization. it is the sound that enhances the singularity of Filipino music. and most of all. it is the 1 that strengthens and remind us the true beauty of our Filipino roots. But because of what we call neo- colonialism. we tend to pretermit our ain civilization and prefer the influences given to us by other states. Even though our coevals now exists under the modernised epoch. we must non wholly â€Å"shut out† our ain music which is a large portion of our rich heritage. It is indispensable for us to maintain parts of our civilization. particularly Rondalla. from extinction because these parts of our civilization is what defines our Philippine civilization. Statement of the Problem: This research aims to carry its readers to cognize how great and of import Rondalla is. It besides informs everyone that we have a music that we should continue because it is one of the most of import factors that define our Philippine civilization. History of RondallaA Rondalla is an ensemble of stringed instruments that are played with a pick or choice. Rondalla’s originated in Spain but became most popular in Philippine common people music. Philippine Rondalla instruments are made of native Philippine wood and played with a tortoise-shell pick. The word â€Å"Rondalla† is from the Spanish ronda. intending â€Å"serenade. † The nucleus instruments of Spanish Rondallas are the guitar. the mandolin and the luting. Rondallas normally are accompanied by at least one vocalist and sometimes by percussionists playing hand-held instruments. The first version says in the beginning it was a group of immature work forces who went around on a regular basis playing and vocalizing in forepart of the houses. The 2nd version says it was a group of instrumentalists imploring for alms. The group it says was called murza or murga and there were besides groups like it in Spain and Mexico. The 3rd version says it was a instrum entalists group playing on the phase and that it was called comparza. And a 4th version says that it was a typical music group popular among universities in Spain as the estudiantina — tuna for short. The members of the group played mandolins. fiddles. guitars. flutes. cellos. basses. tambourines. boness. and trigons and the pupils donned pirate costumes. The footings comparza and Rondalla seemed popular in the higher strata of musical society. They have the same intension. In the Philippines. the term comparza was popularly applied to the group merely during the Spanish government and up to the early old ages of the American domination. and subsequently on. the Rondalla took over. Timeline ( Evolution of Rondalla ) :* 16th century-String instruments existed in Spain. conveying with them Spanish Rondalla. foremost with bandurias. fiddles. guitars. flutes cellos. basses. tambourines. boness and trigons but was changed into 14 stringed instrument added by other instruments normally made by Philippine wood like langka. kamagong narra and ballantinao to modify Filipino civilization. * 18th century- Introduced in the different parts of the Philippines. The widespread of Rondalla in the whole state because it was normally used for amusement for invitees chiefly alongside with Philippine Folk dance. * 19th century–It has enriched the musical life of Filipinos of all ages. Rondalla was non merely considered as an concomitant for Philippine common people dance but an independent music every bit good. It is because several Rondalla pieces was composed. More personalities come arise like Antonio Molina. Comparza Joaquin. which played aboard the American Luxury Liner ; groups like Rondalla Ideal. Rondalla Filarmonica Juvenal ( composed of adolescents ) and Yellow Taxi Rondalla by Lucio San pedro * 1949- All-Star Filipino Rondalla by Juan Silos Jr. . besides known as male parent of Rondalla. encompassed Filipino music through Rondalla. Different instrumentality has formed like piccolo. bandurria. laud. octavina. guitar and bass that became the criterion Filipino Rondalla instruments. percussion instruments were added subsequently. * 1960- It became popular in the Philippines and they on a regular basis competed. * 1963- 1st Rondalla completion that was aired at ABS-CBN Television ‘’Hamon SA kampeon† * Nov. 12. 1978- Enrico Pio Toledo presented a rondalla festival at the CCP chief theatre. Beforehand. Rondalla competitions were held in engagement with NAMCYA ( National Music Competitions for Young Artists ) in CCP.* 1998- Fil-Am veteran’s rondalla formed by George Gange – Gauge was truly portion of the naval forces and was given acknowledgments because of outstanding service. but he is besides a good instrumentalist and became a portion of Rondalla since kid.– The kababayang rondalla was formed * Late 20th to early 20st century- The popularity in Japan has waned. but groups in other states. including the US and Japan help maintain the tradition alive. Further groups ofRondalla was formed. even schools that were foremost established by Silos. Schools ofRondalla like St. Anthony’s Institution. Centro Escolar University. Assumption College.Stelle Maris College-Rondalla innovators can be classified into two.1. Foreign based- ex: Joseph Eustace Earl Peter’s NUS or National University of Singapore for Musical Activities.2. Filipino based-ex: Bayani Mendoza de Leon’s Pasakat- Samahan Rondalla * 2004- First international Rondalla festival in Bicol part. * 2007- 2nd international Rondalla festival in Dumaguete City – a hebdomad long assemblage of plucked threading Masterss from Europe. Asia. The Arab part. Australia and the Philippines.* 2010- 3rd Internation Rondalla Festival: Cuerdas ng Pagkakaysa *International Festivals for Rondalla were established to resuscitate the spirit of Rondalla. Instruments of RondallaThe instruments of the standard Filipino Rondalla have similarities in construction and are played with a pick made out of polo-neck shell. besides called â€Å"pick† by others. except for the bass guitar ( dual bass ) which is played by â€Å"plucking† . Except for the guitar and bass guitar. all are 14- stringed consisting of six ( 6 ) sets of strings tuned in the intervals of fourths. each set consisting of 1. 2 or 3 string/s. The intent of the doubling or tripling of strings is to bring forth better sound and increase tone volume. The standard Filipino rondalla instruments are: bandurria. octavina. laud. guitar. dual bass and percussions.A. Chief Instruments: A. 1 Bandurria The bandurria is a little instrument played by a pick. originally found in Spain and parts of Latin America. Filipino creative persons copied the Spanish guitar and bandurria during the Spanish colonial epoch. These two instruments. combined with several other new instruments. became the base of the Filipino Rondalla. Besides the regular Bandurria. there is the piccolo Bandurria. It is smaller in size and shaped like a teardrop. Both the regular bandurria and the piccolo bandurria have six sets of strings tuned in intervals of fourths: the first highest threading being G ( colloidal suspension ) . followed by D ( rhenium ) . A ( La ) . E ( myocardial infarction ) . B ( Si ) . and F # ( fa # ) . The piccolo bandurria resembles the standard bandurria. but is tuned an octave higher. It plays all signifiers of fluctuations. while the standard bandurria plays tune. A. 2 Guitar The guitar is a stringed instrument that belongs to the lute household ; it is either plucked or strummed and it plays the beat for the rondalla. It has frets on the fingerpost. six strings. made of wood and has sidewalls swerving inward. and a level back. At the Centre of its face is a hole from which sound is produced within the chamber. The strings of a classical guitar is either a combination of nylon strands with all right metal spun around it while a modern twenty-four hours guitars makes usage of metal for all strings. Nineteen stews of Ag or nickel grade the guitar’s entire scope of three-and-a-half octaves. The guitar is tuned harmonizing to the state criterion. get downing from the lowest to the highest: E. A. D. G. B. and E. A. 3 LaudThe laud is a tear-shaped instrument used in the Philippine rondalla. It is similar in form to the bandurria. but has f-holes alternatively of the usual unit of ammunition hole of the bandurria. and a longer cervix. The laud is tuned in the same mode as the bandurria: from the highest G. D. A.E. B. and F # . The laud. nevertheless. is tuned an octave lower than the bandurria. It chiefly plays the contrapuntal parts ( countermelody ) or the 2nd voice for others. A. 4 Octavina The octavina is a musical instrument modelled after the Spanish guitar. and the regular portion of the Philippine rondalla. It looks like little guitar. with a unit of ammunition hole in the center. Unlike the guitar. nevertheless. it has six sets of twofold stings. and is played with a pick. It is turned in the same mode as the bandurria but. like the laud. it is tuned as octave lower: its pitches. get downing from the highest are G. D. A. E. B. and F # . What the tenor voice to the choir. the octavina is to the rondalla. It often plays the melodious counter parts or fills in the harmoniousnesss be playing the lower notes in concomitant or in unison with the bass.A. 5 Double BassThe Double Bass is a violin-shaped plucked instrument It is similar to the fiddle but it is bigger. and tuned in contrary to the fiddle: from the highest G. D. A. and E. The dual bass dramas as a background to the tune.The bass voice of the choir is the function of the dual bass. It helps with the kineticss of the tune: heavy and light.B. Secondary Instruments B. 1 Mandolin The mandolin is a pear-shaped plucked stringed instrument of Italian beginning belonging to the lute household. An unfastened sound hole lies below the root of the cervix. Earlier mandolins had round sound holes. while ulterior 1s featured oblong sound holes. The low wooden span has tusk or bone facing. A home base of tortoise shell or hardwood above the span protects the organic structure from being scratched by the pick with which the mandolin is played. The instrument has a short cervix with a fingerpost furnished with 14 to 17 fixed stews of metal or tusk. and spaced in half steps. The nog holder is level and dead set somewhat backwards. There are eight strings arranged in dual classs. The tonic scope is two octaves and one tone. from G to A. Tuning is in fifths: G. D. A. E. B. 2 Violin The fiddle is a bowed twine instrument. the organic structure of which is a bosomy hollow box about 35. 5 centimeter long. The organic structure is divided into three exactly proportioned subdivisions ; the center. being the narrowest. looks like a â€Å"waistline† . Unlike the bandurria. it has two f-shaped sound holes in the center of the sounding board. It has four strings tuned to G. D. A. and E. The fiddle plays different fluctuations in the rondalla and plays the tune every bit good. B. 3 PercussionOther instruments in the twine and percussion subdivisions are added when the rondalla must presume a symphonic stature. In this instance the figure of participants additions proportionally duplicating or trebling the figure of original and reliable instruments of the group. The bass membranophone. trap membranophone. cymbal. trigon. tambourine. xylophone. kettle and boiler may be added for the rhythmic effects. In illustration ; the UPA A ; F Rondalla uses the maracas in one of their musical rendering. Maracas are gourd or gourd-shaped rattlings filled with seeds or pebbles and used frequently in braces as a rhythmic instrument. Rondalla. in the earlier times is an eight- member Rondalla ensemble normally has four bandurrias. one laud. one octavina. one guitar. and one bass guitar. A larger group of 30 members. would hold 16 bandurrias. 3 piccolos. 3 laud. 3 octavinas. 3 guitars and 2 basses. Today. figure of members or instruments per subdivision: bandurria. octavina or laud. guitar. dual bass may hold equal distribution. and a drumset for the percussions. The Importance of RondallaRole of Rondalla in the Filipino CultureFilipinos. before. are used with all the music around them. They make music out of shredded bamboos and some other forests. Music has been a wont to the Filipinos. As the Spaniards foremost introduced the guitar to the Filipinos. they. the Filipinos. grew an involvement in larning how to play a guitar. The Spaniards so introduced Rondalla and made a Rondalla group composed of Filipinos. Not for long. the Filipinos. particularly the young person. were really eager to be a member of the Rondalla group. Rondalla has been a portion of the Philippine’s civilization and one of the Filipino Music. The Rondalla group are frequently played in ;* Fetes* Weddings* Folk Dances* Other particular OccasionssIts compabability with native Philippines music allowed the Rondalla to calculate conspicuously in Filipino rural community life. supplying concomitant to folk dance and vocalizing every bit good as a featured ensemble. Rondalla became the footing of music in the Filipino civilization and was used in mundane life of people. It besides justified the music of common people dance because of their characteristics like preciseness of the notes and pleasant harmoniousness of sounds. It besides became a medium of communicating before to show one’s feelings in a batch different manner particularly love. for case. the manner work forces tribunal adult females before. Filipino Rondalla has a great function in the Philippines as it has a batch of vocals from the â€Å"Musikang Panlipi† to the modern vocals today. They bind with the common people music and common people dances. The Rondalla limit their undermentioned repertory ; * Folk music* Folk dances* Kundiman* Waltz* Danza* Balitaw* March music* Modern music* Contemporary tunes* Foreign and Filipino classics Rondalla serves as one of the Philippine’s â€Å"Katutubong musika† . Even though it has originated from Spain. it has been considered as one of our civilization. It’s function in the Philippines is to do and allow all Philippine common people civilization to remain alive. The figure one vocal. accompanied by the Rondalla. made the Filipino civilization stay alive. this vocal is famously titled Kalesa. Tinikling is a common people dance chiefly accompanied by the Rondalla Over the old ages. Rondalla has achieved great memories to some Filipino instrumentalists. Because of thede composers. they have gave more involvement to some young persons to fall in the Rondalla group. Juan Silos besides known as the â€Å"Ama nanogram Rondalla† are one of those great Filipino instrumentalists who gave involvement to the young person. Presents. Rondalla is easy fading as a new modernized age came. Others wanted to continue Rondalla as our ain native music. The University of the Philippines Alumni A ; Friends Rondalla proposed a concert circuit around and outside the state. The intent the U. P A ; F. R suggest this sort of concert is to ; * To advance the Filipino cultural heritage through autochthonal musical instruments * To continue and advance the native music of the Philippines * To propagate the Rondalla as a native twine ensemble Importance of Rondalla in People or Personalities in MusicRondalla is more than merely a group of stringed instrument to other people. To them it means more than that for they know its deeper significance and value to our state and our civilization. Some illustration of these people are: Bayani De Leon. a author and composer. who attempted to transform Rondalla to symphonic entity and said that the effort in Rondalla composings is to accomplish two goals:1 ) to demo capacity of the Rondalla of construing classical music and 2 ) to give the Rondalla a symphonic position ; Juan Silos Jr. . a composer and organizer. or besides known as the â€Å"Father of Rondalla† who organized several groups who al displayed versatility with the public presentation of classical composings particularly Tchaikovsky’s ; and who can bury Ramon Santos. who. besides his high international academic attainment in music. went back to his fatherland to larn. to learn and to assist in resuscitating Rondalla. They are merely among the plenty people who practically devote their lives into conveying back Rondalla and maintaining it alive. They do this without bearing in head of someday going celebrated because. but they do this because they want to and take to. The importance of Rondalla on their lives can be seen in every agreement. composing and work they make. Every individual note in their composing and work they make. Every individual note in their composing shows their belief of the demand for Rondalla in our civilization. Importance of Rondalla in Music itself:In every large things created by humanity every now and so. smaller spots of what made up these large things are frequently non given attending. like the beginning of our music today. common people music. When we say Rondalla one can instantly link it to folk music. Folk music did a really large portion in our community today. it helped the development of music that resulted to a wider and more beautiful range that partially defined our civilization and finally. besides defined the nature of people of today. Rondalla is of import to music because Filipino Rondalla has a broad repertory. runing from common people to modern and modern-day melodies every bit good as Filipino and foreign classics. This means. like orchestras. brass set or sway it can picture and showcase modern tunes and classical melodies. but unlike them. Rondalla can picture Filipino’s common people music which is the root of every music that we hear of now. Rondallaâ€⠄¢s flexible ability to play Western European vocals. largely arias and symphonic overtures. modern-day music at the same clip common people music. exposes a hearers ears non merely to the melody of what we call modern vocals but besides to the melodious subject of common people that besides makes them cognizant and appreciate our ain civilization. Rondalla besides gives the light life. expressive and emotional feeling of music. Time have so took up its consequence in music. it opens to what we call heavy music and may convey up to a dark aura. opposite to the bosom buoy uping sound of traditional music. Rondalla is so of import to music. which is why even though people have slightly neglected this sort of music. others are still seeking to resuscitate it. to besides resuscitate Filipino music. That is why festivals like the â€Å"Cuerdas ng Pagkakaysa† for Filipinos non to wholly bury about this music and for immature coevalss to cognize about this music more. â€Å"We surely hope that this festival will non merely prolong the development of an of import musical patrimony but more significantly will besides advance planetary peace and understanding through a shared music tradition. † said Santos. It shows that through this sort of music. one will non merely look merely at theorigin music may besides see the kernel of integrity that it may convey to all. Decision Rondalla gives a batch of facet in us Filipinos ; it defines us Filipinos. our roots and our civilization. It gives us manner to appreciate common people music at the same clip the kernel of civilization and music itself. It uplifts the spirit of us Filipinos with the strength of our alone music to do us unite. Rondalla is more than a group of stringed instrument. it is a group full of foundations of the Filipino civilization. A group capable of unlocking the disregarded hoarded wealths of the past. But because of different factors that changed humanity. because of modernness. we tend to bury these roots. these bequest that our ascendants left us. In return. we must pay back to our ascendants the rich civilization they gave us through continuing this. and we. particularly the following coevalss must unify and protect it to do Filipino’s heritage stronger and richer. REFERENCE Page: Ramon P. Santos MusikaTiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines Filipino Arts and Music Ensemble. Filipino Heritage. the Making of Nation. Volume 9 Cynthia de Castro. Asiatic Journal ; George Gage: The Man with Mission. December 31. 2010 Pablo Tarimon. Tagum City to Revive Rondalla. January 25. 2011 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jayars. tripod. com/COMPOSER. hypertext markup language Scrib. com hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipilipinas. org /index. php? title=MUSIC_OF_THE_PHILIPPINES hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wisegeek. com/WHAT-IS-RONDALLA. htm [ 2 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 144 [ 3 ] . Filipino Arts and Music Ensemble.Filipino Heritage. The Making of Nation. Volume 9. 124 [ 4 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 144 [ 5 ] . Filipino Arts and Music Ensemble. Filipino Heritage. The Making of Nation. Volume 9. 126 [ 6 ] . Cynthia de Castro. Asiatic Journal ; George Gage: The Man with Mission. December 31. 2010 [ 7 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 146 [ 8 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 148 [ 9 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines. 155 [ 10 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cu ltural Center of the Philippines. 158 [ 11 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia Volume 6. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines 162 [ 12 ] . Filipino Arts and Music Ensemble. Filipino Heritage. Volume 9. 130 [ 13 ] . Ramon P. Santos. Musika. 86 [ 14 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-rondalla. htm[ 15 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipilipinas. org /index. php? title=Music_of_the_Philippines [ 16 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jayars. tripod. com/composer. hypertext markup language[ 17 ] . Tiongson. Nicanor. erectile dysfunction. CCP Encyclopedia. Manila: CCP. 145 [ 18 ] . Scrib. com[ 19 ] . Pablo Tarimon. Tagum City to Revive Rondalla. January 25. 2011

1979 Seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca

1979 Seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca The seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 is a seminal event in the evolution of Islamist terrorism. Yet the seizure is mostly a footnote in contemporary history. It shouldnt be. The Grand Mosque in Mecca is a massive, 7-acre compound that can accommodate some 1 million worshippers at any one time, especially during the annual hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca centered on circling the sacred Kaaba in the heart of the Grand Mosque. The marble mosque in its current shape is the result of a 20-year, $18 billion renovation project began in 1953 by the House of Saud, the ruling monarchy in Saudi Arabia, which considers itself the guardian and custodian of the Arab Peninsula’s holiest sites, the Grand Mosque topmost among them. The monarchy’s contractor of choice was the Saudi Bin Laden Group, led by the man who in 1957, became the father of Osama bin Laden. The Grand Mosque, however, first came to wide Western attention on November 20, 1979. Coffins as Weapons Cache: Seizure of the Grand Mosque At 5 that morning, the final day of the hajj, Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil, imam of the Grand Mosque, was preparing to address 50,000 worshipers through a microphone inside the mosque. Among the worshipers, what looked like mourners bearing coffins on their shoulders and wearing headbands made their way through the crowd. It wasnt an unusual sight. Mourners often brought their dead for a blessing at the mosque. But they had no mourning in mind. Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil was shoved aside by men who took machine guns from beneath their robes, fired them in the air and at a few policemen nearby, and yelled to the crowd that â€Å"The Mahdi has appeared!† Mahdi is the Arabic word for messiah. The mourners set their coffins down, opened them up, and produced an arsenal of weaponry that they then brandished and fired at the crowd. That was only part of their arsenal. An Attempted Overthrow by a Would-Be Messiah The attack was led by Juhayman al-Oteibi, a fundamentalist preacher and former member of the Saudi National Guard, and Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani, who claimed to be the Mahdi. The two men openly called for a revolt against the Saudi monarchy, accusing it of having betrayed Islamic principles and sold out to western countries. The militants, who numbered close to 500, were well armed, their weapons, in addition to their coffin arsenal, having been stashed gradually in the days and weeks before the assault in small chambers beneath the Mosque. They were prepared to lay siege to the mosque for a long time. The siege lasted two weeks, though it did not end before a bloodbath in underground chambers where militants had retreated with hundreds of hostagesand bloody repercussions in Pakistan and Iran. In Pakistan, a mob of Islamist students enraged by a false report that the United States was behind the mosque seizure, attacked the American embassy in Islamabad and killed two Americans. Irans Ayatollah Khomeini called the attack and the murders a great joy, and also blamed the seizure on the United States and Israel. In Mecca, Saudi authorities considered attacking the hold-outs without regard for the hostages. Instead, Prince Turki, the youngest son of King Faisal and the man in charge of reclaiming the Grand Mosque, summoned a French secret service officer, Count Claude Alexandre de Marenches, who recommended that the hold-outs be gassed unconscious. Indiscriminate Killing As Lawrence Wright describes it in The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, A team of three French commandos from the Groupe d’Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) arrived in Mecca. Because of the prohibition against non-Muslims entering the holy city, they converted to Islam in a brief, formal ceremony. The commandos pumped gas into the underground chambers, but perhaps because the rooms were so bafflingly interconnected, the gas failed and the resistance continued.With casualties climbing, Saudi forces drilled holes into the courtyard and dropped grenades into the rooms below, indiscriminately killing many hostages but driving the remaining rebels into more open areas where they could be picked off by sharpshooters. More than two weeks after the assault began, the surviving rebels finally surrendered. At dawn on Jan. 9, 1980, in the public squares of eight Saudi cities, including Mecca, 63 Grand Mosque militants were beheaded by sword on orders of the king. Among the condemned, 41 are Saudi, 10 from Egypt, 7 from Yemen (6 of them from what was then South Yemen), 3 from Kuwait, 1 from Iraq and 1 from the Sudan. Saudi authorities report that 117 militants died as a result of the siege, 87 during the fighting, 27 in hospitals. Authorities also noted that 19 militants received death sentences that were later commuted to life in prison. Saudi security forces suffered 127 deaths and 451 wounded. Were the bin Ladens Involved? This much is known: Osama bin Laden would have been 22 at the time of the attack. He would have likely heard Juhayman al-Oteibi preach. The Bin Laden Group was still heavily involved in the renovation of the Grand Mosque: the company’s engineers and workers had open access to the mosque’s grounds, Bin Laden trucks were inside the compound frequently, and bin Laden workers were familiar with the compound’s every recess: they built some of them. It would be a stretch, however, to assume that because the bin Ladens were involved in construction, they were also involved in the attack. What’s also known is that the company shared all maps and layouts they had of the mosque with authorities to facilitate the Saudi Special Forces’ counter-attack. It would not have been in the bin Laden Group’s interest, enriched as it had become almost exclusively through Saudi government contracts, to aid the regime’s opponents. Just as certainly, what Juhayman al-Oteibi and the â€Å"Mahdi† were preaching, advocating and rebelling against is almost word for word, eye for an eye, what Osama bin Laden would preach and advocate subsequently. The Grand Mosque takeover was not an al-Qaeda operation by any means. But it would become an inspiration, and a stepping stone, to al-Qaeda less than a decade and a half later.

Homeland security has changed in the past years since 9-11 essays

Homeland security has changed in the past years since 9-11 essays Homeland security has changed in the past years since 9-11 dramatically. There has been four main changes; Law Enforcement, Border and port security, Transportation, environmental and energy security. Now these changes are not the only ones that have taken place but are merely the ones that effect us as citizens in the state of Massachusetts. As far as the Law Enforcement goes, the state of MA was a direct effected by this change. Established were 56 Joint Terrorism Task Forces and nearly 100 Anti-Terrorism Task Forces to coordinate the investigations and improve communications among federal, state, and local law enforcement. Border and Port security changed in MA also by Increased National Park Service personnel and upgraded security equipment and the procedures at highly visible national monuments, such as the Statue of Liberty in New York, the National Mall in Washington, the Liberty Bell and Independence Hall in Philadelphia, the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, and other sites in the 384-unit National Park System. Transportation Security change the most visibly. New passenger boarding procedures were developed and they trained pilots and flight crews for hijacking scenarios. Now all airport personnel are to undergo background checks. There are also limited airport access points. There are also more than 9,000 National Guardsmen to help secure the nations airports. Now environmental and energy security seemed to effect me the most because I see it ever time I go anywhere. In Plymouth we have a nuclear power plant and all plants across the nation were put on the highest level of security. ...

Milgram Experiment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Milgram Experiment - Assignment Example In light of such revelations, the researcher exposes the entire study to some level of inaccuracy since the respondents alter their responses, as human being inherently condition themselves to behave in a certain manner to stimuli. Respondent behavior or operant behavior has widely been studied to reveal that respondents act in a certain way to fit in the expectations following psychological perception of the stimuli. The results obtained in such study must factor in some level of alteration as an assumption since respondent behavior becomes very central to the expected outcomes (McLeod, 2007). The author accounts for a way to deal with the alteration of perceptions using Milgram’s study of obedience where the procedure applied is concealed in form of a deception. McLeod (2007) argues that it is allowed to alter the respondents’ perception on the procedure but not in a material way such that the respondents remain protected in the study. The deception must be kept at its minimum possible level aimed at eliciting the expected results and avoiding alterations from respondents’ perceptions. It therefore means that the ethics can slightly be constricted but the researcher must ensure that it is not materially tampered

Interest Rates an Exchange Rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interest Rates an Exchange Rate - Essay Example The government raised interest rates to increase the demand for pound in the international market, this increase in demand was anticipated to make the pound stronger against other major currencies, however a speculative attack by investors led to the loss of funds, the government lost and some investors gained huge profits on that day. This model depict that there is a relationship between the prevailing interest rates and the exchange rate, using historical data a country can use the data to estimate an appropriate model that will help in forecasting future values. The model depicts that a rise in interest rate will lead to a rise in the value of the currency, when interest rates fall then the value of the currency declines, the following diagram shows the relationship between the two variables: From the above diagram it is evident that an increase in the interest rates will lead to an increase in the value of the currency, however a decline in interest rates will lead to a decline in the value of the currency. However the assumption of this model is that there are no speculative attacks and that the exchange rate depends on the demand and supply of the currency. The relationship between the exchange rate and the interest rates can be demonstrated using two currencies from countries with different interest rates, we take hypothetical values and countries to demonstrate this and we choose country A and country B, for country a the interest rate is 4% and for country B the interest rate is 6%, those who have their funds deposited in country A will earn 4% for their investment, however it is more profitable to invest the funds or deposit the amount in country B due to high interest rates and therefore higher earning. For this reason therefore investors will move their fund from country A to country B, investors from country A will exchange their money to get country B currencies, as a result of this the demand for country B currency will rise and therefore will the value of the currency. Therefore higher interest rates will encourage investors to invest in country B, if country B was to increase the interest rates from 5% to 10% then the higher will be the demand for their currency. British forecast: The exchange of the pound in 1992 was determined by the market demand and supply, in September the British government experienced a decline in the demand for their currency, many investors started selling the pound to acquire other currencies, as a result of this demand declined and therefore the pound lost value against other currencies. The government had a role to play to resolve the crisis and this was done by increasing interests rates as described by the above model, the prevailing interest rates at the time was 10% and the government increased the interest rates to 12%, however despite this effort the investors still sold the pound to hold other currencies. Realizing this problem the government on the same day announced an increase in interest rates to 15%, this was the second attempt to resolve the problem, however it was unfortunate that investors kept on selling the pound and purchasing other currencies, as a result of this the value of the pound declined and this resulted into a decline in the value of the

Risk Management Paper Essay Example for Free

Risk Management Paper Essay I interviewed James Alviar RN, the Coordinator of Risk Management at my current place of employment the Queens Medical Center West Oahu. I asked him if there were any current risk management issues at our facility that we could discuss, but he said all current issues were confidential and he could not divulge any information to me. Instead, James pointed me in the generic direction of hospital falls that is a nationwide risk management issue and also pertains to us at Queens Medical Center. This paper will be discussing risk managements role, what falls are, how falls are addressed, how risk management would remedy the problem, and how the similar situation is discussed at another facility. Queens Health Systems Risk Management (Risk Management) serves the Queens Health Systems (QHS) by developing and applying an integrated program for the preservation of QHSs capital assets and resources. The role of the Risk Management Department is to plan, direct, and coordinate the risk management and insurance function of Queens Medical Center, subject to and consistent with the Queens Health Services Mission Statement, policy and procedures, guidelines and applicable laws. Risk management is a process with four major components: identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring. Risk management addresses many issues that include patient safety, potential medical questions or errors, federal regulations, and legislation impacting healthcare. At Queens Medical Center, there are two options to file an event report. The employee may submit an event report anonymously or log onto the hospital intranet and utilize the RLs Risk Management software. The software is an easy step by step program for writing a thorough incident report to be submitted to Risk Management. The purpose of the occurrence report is to: Assist in identifying potential liability issues, facilitating appropriate corrective or remedial measures. To develop only information for investigation,  evaluation, and a final disposition of the reported incident. The information collected will provide management with a means of analyzing risk and quality levels. Fulfill QHSs internal reporting requirements, regulatory requirements, or insurance carriers requirements or legal obligation. Once the Risk Management department gets the report, they determine whether the situation should be investigated. If the situation needs to be examined, other departments are called upon to review the case. The other departments are but not exclusive to Falls Prevention and Protection Committee/Patient Safety, Department Managers and their nurses, Risk Managers, Human Resources, and Patient Advocate. Follow-up reports will be completed within three weeks, unless circumstances require a quicker response. I visited a smaller 57-bed hospital located central on the island to serving the residents of Central Oahu and the North Shore. Their incident reports are submitted on a form requiring the following information: How, when (date and time) and where the incident or offense took place The names of any injured persons and witnesses The nature and location of any injury or damage arising out of the incident or offense If a security report was made, a forwarded copy is required. If an incident report is written up, it would be submitted to the Risk Management where it would be reviewed. An investigation begins with a meeting with the department manager of the unit where the event occurred. If the incident was a fall, the incident is investigated to see if the ultimate cause of the fall was physiological or environmental. If the patient fell for physiological reasons, a plan of care is initiated. If it were an environmental reason like a loose handrail, they would be repaired immediately. Specifically to this paper, we will focus on patient falls. Patient falls are ubiquitous. According to the American College Of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank 2013 Annual Report (2013), the highest mechanism of injury by region are falls with a total of 338,805 reported cases and with the second highest mechanism of injury from motor vehicle injury at a total of 234,164 reported cases. A patients fall is an unintended descend to the floor that may or may not result in any injury to the patient. A fall is when a patient lands on a surface where you would not expect to find the patient. There are many risk factors associated with falls such as:  Physiological reasons (changes in blood pressure, Parkinsons, arthritis, neuropathy, vision problems ) Environmental reasons (wet floor, rugs without non-skid backing, poor lighting) Adverse effects of medications An assisted fall is when a staff member witnesses a patients fall and attempts to minimize the impact of descend. Many patient falls occurring during hospital encounters may cause little or no harm but some can result in serious and even possibly life-threatening consequences for many patients such as hip fractures and head trauma. Even when a fall does not lead to death, it can require prolonged hospitalization. Some could suffer disability, loss of function, and lose their independence or premature death. â€Å"Patient falls in hospitals are a common and often preventable adverse event. Nurses routinely conduct fall risk assessment on all patients, but communication of fall risk status and tailored interventions to prevent falls is variable at best.† (Hurley, Dykes, Carroll, 2009). When reporting a fall, the event report should be submitted as soon as possible after the event is discovered. The employee who is involved or observes the incident should complete the report. Although employees can submit an incident report anonymously, submitting through the Risk Management Website in the QMC intranet using the RLs Risk Management program is preferred. Documentation should be objective, fact-based, and not include personal opinions or subjective information. If a visitor falls or is involved in the incidence, the Security Department should be called to take statements, names, and any necessary evidence, such as photographs. An incidence report should be complete including names of witnesses and any pertinent information. If a visitor is injured, he or she should be encouraged to be treated in the Emergency Department. After submitting the report, Risk Management and the designated managers are notified immediately. The responsible manager will review all submitted reports, investigate the events as indicated, and institute any necessary corrective action. If its indicated, the incident report may be presented to the Performance Improvement Coordinator for analysis. Risk management periodically reports event information to the hospital Patient Safety Committee. These activities are considered quality improvement related and a patient safety work product. The event reports are intended for  administration use. If it were a patient here should not be any reference to the incident report in the patients medical record. The event, effects on the patient, and action taken must be documented in the medical record for patient care purposes. Prevention of falls in inpatient settings requires a multidisciplinary, multifaceted approach. There is not one definitive factor that is the silver bullet in preventing falls. Even though hospitals have devoted quality improvement and research efforts to prevent falls, patient falls consistently compose the largest single category of reported incidents in hospitals. (Rowe, 2013). It is important that hospitals maintain a safe and effective environment to prevent or limit falls and/or fall-related injuries by patients, visitors, and staff. Departments such as Risk Management, Falls Prevention and Patient Safety, and Patient Advocate were created to help maintain a hospital’s safe, healing environment. References American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank 2013 Annual Report. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/quality%20programs/trauma/ntdb/ntdb%20annual%20report%202013.ashx Hurley, A., Dykes, P., Carroll, D. (2009). Fall Tip : validation of icons to communicate fall risk status and tailored interventions to prevent patient falls. Studies in health technology and informatics, 146(), 455-459. University of Phoenix Online Library. Rowe, J. (2013, June). Preventing Patient Falls What are the Factors in Hospital Settings that Help Reduce and Prevent Inpatient Falls?, Home Health Care Management Practice, 25(3), 98-103. University of Phoenix Online Library

The Maritime Education And Training Education Essay

The Maritime Education And Training Education Essay E-learning systems have several names which basically mean the same: Virtual Learning Environment, Learning Management System, Course Management System, Learning Content Management System (LCMS), Managed Learning Environment (MLE), Learning Support System (LSS) and Learning Platform (LP). In Europe the term VLE is mostly used, but in United States the term CMS is favored over others (Kanninen, 2009). Todays learners can use some different ways to learn. One of them is technology based environments is inclusive of using of computers and Internet. Online learning is one of these type environments. An attractive side of online learning is that education service to come to the learner itself and flexible usage of it. In online learning, to perform effective instructional design is being difficult because of the learners characteristics that are related to learning are not being known. As a matter of fact, to bring into existence of effective learning for the learners in online learning environments, needs and expectations of the learners that are in these environments are comprehended and development of convenient environments which are adequate for different learning styles are required. Technology density environments cause a change of learning styles of the learners and bring up a concept that is online learning style to the agenda (DaÄÅ ¸ Geà §er, 2009). In the literature, the explanation of the online learning has been used different terminologies. Because of this, makes it difficult to develop a generic definition. Terms that are commonly used include e-learning, Internet learning, distributed learning, networked learning, tele-learning, virtual learning, computer-assisted learning, Web- based learning, and distance teaching (Anderson Elloumi, 2004). In the literature, there are many definitions which are reflect the diversity of practice and associated technologies of online learning. For example, while some researchers define online learning as educational material that is presented on a computer, the others defines online instruction as an innovative approach for delivering instruction to a remote audience, using the Web as the medium (Anderson Elloumi, 2004). Kanninen (2009) online learning is learning which takes place in a network; it could be the Internet or just a schools internal/closed net. Ally (2004) wrote that there are at least the 6 following synonyms used for online learning: e-learning, Internet learning, distributed learning, networked learning, tele-learning, virtual learning, computer-assisted learning, web-based learning, and distance learning. So it can be said that in online learning the learner is at a distance from the tutor or instructor and the learner uses some form of technology to access the learning materials. (Ally 2004) Online learning can be divided into three classes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contact learning supported by the net à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiform learning in the net à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self studying in the net Online learning (sometimes referred to as e-learning or distance learning). In this study, online learning adopted the ASTD (American Society for Training Development) definition, which describes it as education which is facilitated and supported via information and communications technology (ICT). ASTD states that e- learning is: A broad set of applications and processes which include web-based learning, computer- based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital media. Much of this is delivered via the Internet, intranet, audio and videotape, satellite broadcast, interactive TV, and CD- ROM. The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used, but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training (Franetovic, 2011). McGill Hobbs (2007) mentioned that a virtual learning environment (VLE) is an information system that facilitates e-learning. VLEs process, store and disseminate educational material and support communication associated with teaching and learning. Virtual learning environments (VLEs) are widespread in higher education today, typically used to deliver instructional materials and facilitate communication within a course. Briefly, we can define online learning in this thesis as an approach to a TEL (Technology Enhanced Learning), in a self regulated method, which utilizes information and communication technology to maximize the acquisition and processing of the knowledge in a VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) as a learner centered educational framework. Our conception of education is that it should help students to develop their personalities and to cope with the tasks and challenges that arise from their environments. More formally, education should assist young people in developing meaningful goals and provide them with the knowledge and skills to achieve these. To the extent that they manage to monitor and control the activities to reach their goals, they are said to self-regulate these activities (Steffens, 2006). The online environment calls for students to demonstrate self-regulated learning (Ally, 2004). Dabbagh (2007) characterized successful online learners as those who exhibited self-directed learning skills. Self-regulated learning has been framed in the online education context by Carson (2012) research as an active, constructive process whereby learners set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate and control their cognition, motivation and behavior, guided and constrained by their goals and the contextual features in their environments (Bandura, 2001; Pintrich De Groot, 1990; Schunk, 2005; Zimmerman, 2002). the processes of self- regulation as a reciprocal cycle consisting of forethought, performance and self-reflection (Figure 2-2). Each of the phases consists of sub processes that play a greater or lesser part in learning depending on the task, the learner, and the environment (Carson, 2012). Figure (2-2): Phases and sub processes of self-regulation. From Zimmerman, B., Campillo, M. (2003). Motivating self-regulated problem solvers. Manochehr (2006) has made a study where he compared the effects on e-learning versus those on traditional instructor-based learning, on student learning, based on students learning styles. The result was that the learning style in traditional learning was irrelevant but in e-learning it was very important. The study showed that learners with an assimilating or converging learning style achieved better learning results in e-learning. DaÄÅ ¸ Geà §er (2009) stated that recent developments of the online learning are also related to Adaptive educational Hypermedia Systems (AEHS). An AEHS aims to build a model of the goals, preferences and knowledge of each learner and use this model throughout the interaction with the leaner, in order to adapt learning content to the needs of that learner that is adapted specifically to the learners (Brusilovsky, 1996). For example, in an AEHS, learning content knowledge of the subject is given to the learner. In addition, AEHS can support learners in their navigation by limiting browsing space, suggesting most relevant links to follow, or providing adaptive comments to visible links (Brusilovsky, 2003). AEHS researches are centered on learning style based personalization researches (Brown, 2006; Paredes Rodriguez, 2004; Piombo, Batatia Ayache, 2003; Graf, 2007).

Book Report on How Soon Can I Leave

At first, Miss Bartlett shrank from the hints and persuasions for the reason of not wanting to abandon hope by retreating into a life only with another woman at the age of forty. However, she eventually decided to live with Miss Restrooms with the thought of doing the latter some good instead of needing someplace warmer and someone to take care of. As time went by, Miss Bartlett ran a larger business with the help of MISS Restrooms. Nevertheless, the more well-kept the home Is, the more unsatisfied she felt. But they still lived a happy life until one day Angela, MissRaccoon's niece came for a visit. This visit dramatically provoked the awareness of Miss Bartlett ‘s dependence upon Miss Restrooms and made her regret missing so many opportunities possible. Then she moved back. Only to face the damp and cold cottage. And with no one's help any longer, she had to do all the chores Just like a At the end of the story, Miss Bartlett returned the bungalow. She grown woman. Came to kn ow her folly but It was too late. From my point of view. The story turned out to be a tragedy. I feel strongly sympathetic towards Miss Bartlett.As we know, he lost her mother early, so the family background can be blamed for her incapacity. In comparison, Miss Restrooms is the only girl in a nine-child family. No wonder she can look after the home very well. Moreover, it is quite pathetic for Miss Bartlett to think that she had been treated as a pet plaything. Actually, the seven years living with MISS Bartlett made MISS Restrooms truly appreciate her talents. In other words, MISS Restrooms Is not only helping her, but also finding some meaning In life, a real active life. Last but not the least, the story reminds me of the relationship between parents and children.Take Miss Restrooms as an example, we can simply regard her as an epitome of many parents, or many mothers, more specifically. Mothers are often considerate, concerning a lot over their children, providing food and cloth es, trying their best to take care of all stuff beforehand. Only they can still care about the children even If the children misunderstand them and go away. Back to the story, isn't it great for Miss Restrooms to play a role only as a friend of Miss Bartlett but act like her mother? The death of Miss Restrooms must be caused by the heartbreak of loneliness and lack of sense of purpose.To put it in a nutshell, my understanding of this story can be summarized as a tragedy of improper love. All realization Is too late for both the motherly one and the childlike one. Objectively, parents should love their children In a reasonable way, not by totaling on teen Walt all things prepared. I nee count to teach CNN learn now to level an independent life instead of offering all they want. In the other way round, as a child, he should not take everything for granted. And when he comes to a career, Just learn to deal with it without parents' help. Besides, never let parents down.

Economics Problem Essay

1)False When the demand curve shifts left, it means there is less demand for diamonds. However, when consumer income increases, their purchasing power increases (assuming the relative price of diamonds stay constant). That being said, consumers are more likely to purchase more diamonds, especially because it is a luxury good, causing the curve of diamonds to shift right, increasing the demand. 2)False As the population increases, the demand of beef increases as well, causing the demand curve to shift right. In order to accommodate for the increased demand in beef, the price needs to be increased as well in order to reach the appropriate market price for the current supply. Correspondingly, at the new demand curve, consumers are willing to buy more for each price per unit. Thus, this statement is not an example of the Giffen good and does not illustrate an upward sloping demand, instead, the demand curve simply shifted right to account for the increase beef demand. 3)Uncertain Although energy from nuclear power and oil are considered substitutes, it is unclear whether or not the techniques for producing energy from nuclear power is cheaper or similar in price when compared to energy produced from oil. IF, energy produced from nuclear power is cheaper or similar in price, the demand for oil as an energy source will be more elastic. 4)False The demand curve is the relationship between price and quantity demanded, it measures how much consumers are willing to buy for each price per unit. Change in price of good alone does not affect the demand curve, but it does affect the quantity demanded. In other words, if the price of good changes, we would be moving along the demand curve, not affecting the demand curve to shift left or right. Factors that would affect the demand curve include price of related goods, income, tastes, etc†¦) 5)True Assuming the statement focuses on the domestic tomatoes, this is true because the change in price of the domestic tomatoes affects only the quantity demanded of the domestic tomatoes, not the demand curve. The decrease in price will move us down the demand curve, increasing the amount consumers are willing to buy per price per unit. 6)False If the price of something goes up, it is not necessarily irrational to buy more of it. It really depends on the good that the consumer is buying. For example, because rice is a staple in China, people will continue to buy it despite the price increase. To them, there is no â€Å"substitute† to rice, thus the income effect dominates, causing them to continue buying rice at a higher price. 7)False The price may or may not rise when supply and demand increase, it all depends on whether or not the supply and demand increase together proportionately. If supply and demand increase at the same rate, the quantity will increase but the price will stay constant. If supply increases more than demand, the price will decrease. If demand increases more than supply, the price will increase. 8)False In this case, I saw gas as a necessity; it is relatively inelastic because anyone who owns and uses a car will need to buy gas regardless of the price. The quantity demanded moves along the demand curve as the price of gas increases or decreases, and this is true for both professors and grad students. Even without a ceiling, students will continue to purchase gas. Moreover, the incomes of a professor and grad student are not clearly stated. Some grad students may have more income than a professor, giving the grad student just as much, if not more, purchasing power, thus a price ceiling does not necessarily hurt the professor more than the student.

My Posse Dont Do Homework1 essays

My Posse Dont Do Homework1 essays LouAnne Johnsons My Posse Dont Do Homework is an excellent book in the way that it describes the looked over and ignored kids of schools around the nation. My Posse Dont Do Homework shows us how important it is to nurture and care for students and tell each and everyone of those students how important they are and they, too, can make a difference. When Ms. Johnson had the class on the first day of school, the students were all prepared to work their way through yet another substitute or permanent teacher. According to the book My Posse Dont Do Homework, when Ms. Johnson had asked about Miss Shepard, the group of students former teacher, one girl replied that she had been psyched out (19). Miss Shepard had thrown down her book and rushed out of the classroom in tears the previous Friday. The kids werent surprised that she hadnt returned. They were obviously proud of their handiwork... (19). Moments later a dictionary was flung at her head and she then proceeded to leave the classroom . After the dictionary incident she spoke with a colleague, Hal Gray. After a brief discussion with him, she went back to the class where she was inspired by her former drill instructor, Petty Officer Hawks, presence and confronted the student who threw the dictionary at her. After getting in the boys face, he gave into her demand of sitting down. After introducing herself and telling them about her Marine and Navy background, she gained the advantage and some of their respect from fear that she could kill them with her bare hands. The book is not suggesting that every teacher that has a difficult group of students should let them think that he or she, meaning the teacher, is going to violent if they do not cooperate in class. However, with this group of kids Ms. Johnson thought that it would be most effective to intimidate her new student ...

Word Choice Its vs. Its - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Its vs. Its - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Its vs. Its Apostrophes have a bad habit of turning up in unexpected places. Confusion between â€Å"its† and â€Å"its,† for example, is so common that, as proofreaders, we pretty much consider it our nemesis. Worry not, though! We’ve prepared this simple guide to using â€Å"its† and â€Å"it’s† correctly, so read on and you’ll soon be equipped to join our crusade against this common grammatical error. Why the Problem Occurs â€Å"Its† and â€Å"it’s† are so frequently confused because there are two situations in which we typically add an apostrophe to a word: To indicate possession (e.g., the windshield on a car is the â€Å"car’s windshield†) To indicate omitted letters in a contraction (e.g., â€Å"do not† becomes â€Å"don’t†) It would therefore make sense for something belonging to an â€Å"it† to be indicated by adding an apostrophe + â€Å"s† to the word, but in practice we only use an apostrophe for the contraction â€Å"it’s.† Why? And how do you remember this distinction? Let us explain. Its (Possessive Pronoun) The term â€Å"its† is used when referring to something owned or belonging to an â€Å"it† (typically an object or animal): With its smashed windows and chipped paintwork, the car was a wreck. Just dont ask us what we were doing when we wrecked it. [Photo: Thomas R Machnitzki]â€Å"Its† doesn’t require an apostrophe because it is a possessive pronoun, like â€Å"his,† â€Å"her† or â€Å"your† (none of which require an apostrophe to indicate possession). It’s (Contraction) â€Å"Its† is a contraction, a shortened version of two separate words with letters omitted. To be specific, â€Å"it’s† combines â€Å"it† with either â€Å"is† or â€Å"has† depending on the tense used: It is finally time! = It’s finally time! It has been a long wait! = It’s been a long wait! Like any other contraction, you must use an apostrophe to show that two words have been combined when writing â€Å"it’s.† Its or It’s? The distinction between these terms is vital for clarity, so it’s definitely worth taking a moment to remember how they should be used. Thankfully, the difference is a fairly simple one: Its = Possession Its = Contraction (either it is or it has) Thus, if you’re writing about something that belongs to an â€Å"it,† the correct term will always be â€Å"its.† Likewise, if you’re using â€Å"it’s† as a shortened version of â€Å"it is† or â€Å"it has,† you’ll always need an apostrophe. It’s also worth remembering that contractions are generally considered inappropriate in formal writing, so you should avoid terms like â€Å"its† in your college work and write â€Å"it is† in full instead.

Lobour Market Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lobour Market Policy - Essay Example The understanding of "labor market" or more appropriately, "labor markets" involves the study of the dynamics of the market vis--vis the demand and supply of various kinds of labor. A 'labor market' may be defined as the number of people employed plus the number of unemployed but seeking work. The supply of labor depends upon variables such as natural population growth, new entrants, immigrants, retirements, increased female participation, de-industrialization, skills shortage and surpluses, education and training, flexibility, and wage determination. The 'level of employment' is the proportion of such employed in the total labor market. The levels of supply and demand in the 'labor market', just as in 'markets' for any other goods depend on the availability of work, the availability of labor and their skill compatibility. However the main difference between the two is the function of supply and demand in setting the price and quantity. Whereas in the case of goods, increases in prices result in increased production for the demand to be satisfied, this does not happen in the case of labor for there are limitations of time available for labor and increased wages may result in less supply of labor as workers may tend to utilize increased earnings to indulge in leisure activities. Some economists believe that the laws of supply and demand apply more to certain segments of the markets only where workers change job types corresponding to changing wage rates.Segmenting labor markets The 'agency theory' of labor management purports that the principals (owners or managers) have to develop ways to monitor and control the activities of their agents (staff); that the principals may have problems in ensuring that work is carried out according to instructions and that therefore it is necessary to clear up ambiguities by setting objectives and monitoring performance. (Armstrong 2003, p. 281). However Armstrong suggests that the theory "looks at the employment relationship purely from management's point of view and regards employees as objects to be motivated by the carrot and stick." He calls it a "dismal theory, which suggests that people cannot be trusted." (Armstrong 1996, cited in 2003, p.281). The neoclassical theory of labor markets assumes that firms aim to maximize their profits with minimal costs; the number of buyers (firms) and sellers (workers) is high; there is no collective bargaining that there is no monopsony of power (exploitation of labor because of large supply and low demand) and that the firm is a wage taker. In a perfect world, with no bargaining forums like trade unions, labor markets may be 'competitive'. This means that the workers and employers have information about each other and that there are no transaction costs. On the other hand, job search, training and the need to gain experience to switch jobs are variables that determine supply and demand in a normal labor market. However the glaring lacuna of this theory is that it assumes that labor is homogeneous which means that all workers turn out equal amount of work and that there are no differences in skills and experience of workers. This is demonstrated by the study of Hipple and Stewart (1996), w hich highlights the wide variations in the

Steriodogenesis has a common pathway but hormonal steriods are Essay

Steriodogenesis has a common pathway but hormonal steriods are secreted in a strongly cell specific manner. Discuss - Essay Example Steroidogenesis takes place in endocrine glands like the adrenal and gonads.P450side chain linked cleaving enzyme get involved in the interconversion of cholesterol to Carbon18, Carbon19, and Carbon21 and this is the committed step of Steroidogenesis (John 1994, p.33). HMG-CoA or the mevalonate pathway generates isopenteyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate which serve as precursors for steroidal hormones biosynthesis. Isopenteyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate become joined forming geranyl pyrophosphate that becomes lanosterol (Mary 2011, p.55). Lanosterol undergoes Steriodogenesis transformation to form other steroids. All steroid hormones in humans follow this pathway, but not all steroids are hormones (John 1994, p.77). Steroid hormones are crucial for proper functioning of the body. They get synthesized from cholesterol which is also a component of the cell membrane thus the hormone is able to enter the cell and bind to its receptor. Steroid hormones get classified as androgens, estrogens, progestins, mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids. Both estrogens and androgens get generated by the gonads and affect sexual development. Progestrins mediate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Excretion of water and salts by the kidney get regulated by mineral corticoids while lipid carbohydrate and protein metabolism become affected by glucocorticoids. Steroid hormones become synthesized when they are need. The brain releases a signal when the body wants a certain protein synthesized or needs a certain process done (John 1994, p.78). These signals get transmitted via the intermediary hormones in other words through trophic hormones. Once released, they act on the central nervous system and the peripheral target tissues (Richardb2010, p.67). One can regulate the amount of steroid hormone secretion by regulating the amount of cholesterol produced because cholesterol is the precursor for these hormones. The adrenal cortex has three main tissue re gions: the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticular is. These zones are histological and enzymatically distinct and the exact steroid hormone secreted depends on the enzymes present (Reginald 2010, p.34). Adenocorticotropin (ACTH) hormone regulates hormones produced at the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata (Donald 2010, p.56). The hypothalamus releases ACTH in to the blood stream then it become carried to the adrenal glands where it binds to ACTH receptors on the cell membrane activating adenylate cyclase with production of cAMP (second messenger).This leads to ultimate secretion of cortisol. When the body needs to accumulate more sodium, angiotensinogen get released from the liver and it become to angiotensin( i) and later angiotensin (ii) that bind to the cell membrane receptors which get coupled to the phospholipase c of the zona glomerulosa (John 1994, p.32).This leads to secretion of aldosterone; a mineral corticoid. Aldosterone leads to sodium retention by fa cilitating gene expression of messenger RNA for sodium-potassium ATPase which is responsible for reaccumulation of sodium and potassium. Gonadol steroid hormones become secreted by the testis and ovaries. The important hormones in this category are the estradiol and testosterone. Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production in men by binding to Leydig cells. Androgen binding protein transports testosterone sertoli cells which convert it to

York and Sevilla Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

York and Sevilla - Essay Example New York City boasts of numerous Air Trains that have full-time operation within the city. There are three main airports people tourists and public travelers use to fly across the city including JFK International airport. The Newark Liberty International airport is a key transport terminal. LaGuardia Airport is another transport terminal in New York. Air transport facilitates tourism industry within the city because it is relatively cheaper to fly across the city at only $5 while children under five years take it free. In addition, tourists who may wish to fly using private flight have only twenty-five minutes to move between Teterboro Airport and Midtown Manhattan. However, air transport in York city, particularly the public sector, may at times limit tourism activities due to frequent commercial air traffic, consequently leading to unwanted delays. Sevilla offers a many advantage to tourists of all walks who visit the destination. The Sevilla International Airport is 25 minutes away from the city’s center. The Airport helps in facilitating quick tourist movements in and outside the city. In addition, La Parra International Airport, located only 10km away from Jerez de la Frontera, offers relatively cheap flights for tourists to Sevilla. Most of the flights have WI-Fi access that enables tourists to browse through and access information while on board. However, most of the flight-service-offering companies are relatively expensive to the tourists. The city of New York mainly utilizes two rail stations found in Midtown, Pen Station on the west side and the Grand Central Terminal on the east side of the city. The stations enjoy services from many bus and subway lines that facilitate an exchange of travelers out and into the stations (Boniface & Cooper 2009, p. 282). The railway transport is a good supplement to other means of transport available in New York because it does not experience traffic congestions. In addition, rail transport offers

Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Corporate Governance Essay ABSTRACT This paper examines whether the remuneration of the Chief Executive Officer position in Hong Kong public firms is affected by board composition, given the influence of family control on the boards of many Hong Kong companies. It is hypothesized that I) in family-controlled boards, Chief Executive Officers receiver higher compensation and II) Chief Executive Officers in family-controlled boards serve as Chief Executive Officer positions longer. In family-controlled boards, corporate governance is of very high importance as the independent non-executive directors can exert less influence over the board, compared to non-family-controlled boards (â€Å"dispersed boards†). Keywords: Board composition, Remuneration, Corporate Governance. 1.INTRODUCTION The economic turmoil in Asia in 1997 has led to a wider recognition of the importance of corporate governance. In line with global trends towards higher standards of corporate governance, the duties and liabilities of the directors of the listed companies have therefore become more stringent. It follows that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to monitor board members may be less effective for family-owned and family-controlled firms. However, to attract outside investors, family-owned and family-controlled firms tend to encourage greater independence and monitoring from the board. For the purposes of the study, family-owned and family-controlled are used interchangeably. The reason is that actual family ownership is difficult to ascertain due to various shareholdings and special purpose vehicles that are used, and cannot be deduced from annual reports. Thus, in this study we classify family-control and family-ownership when the board is made of a majority of related family members as a â€Å"family-controlled board†. When it is not, we classify it as a â€Å"dispersed board†. In practice, there are instances where the family owns the majority of a company but comprise of a minority of the board, and it is possible that the family is able to exert influence via other avenues, however, this study will not be examining such. Family-owned firms are common throughout Asia. Studies show that, family-owned firms hold more than 20 percent of the equity of listed companies in Asia, and more than 60 percent of the listed companies have connections with family-owned groups (Bebchuk Fried, 2006). Family-owned businesses represent the predominant form of listed companies in Hong Kong (Standard Poor’s, 2002). Such family ownership structure implies the strong influence of dominant shareholders and provides limited voice for minority shareholders. Compared to the Anglo-American environment, where ownership blocks are less concentrated but institutional investors are more prevalent, in Hong Kong, there is less of a culture for non-executive directors or minority shareholder activists to challenge. Variations in ownership structure may lead to differences in the nature of agency conflicts, the roles of directors may vary in accordance to the ownership structure. For family-owned firms, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) argue that the primary agency conflict is between a family owner and non-family owners. Meanwhile, for widely held firms, Berle and Means (1932), and, Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that the primary agency conflict is between executives and shareholders. As a consequence, tying remuneration to performance of executives may prove the most efficient way to mitigate this agency conflict. To date, a vast of literatures published in recent years show the growing recognition of influences of family-owned firms and executive remuneration on corporate governance. Many studies have tended to focus on the use of remuneration contracts to align interests of executives with owners in family-owned firms. The rise in executive remuneration in recent years has been the subject of public criticism, which further intensified corporate governance scandals. Therefore, the question whether a correlation exists between remuneration and family-control in board composition at Hong Kong-listed companies. 2.OBJECTIVES In 1994, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited introduced rules that require listed firms to disclose the remuneration of directors. Before 2004, there was no requirement to disclose the names and remuneration of directors (Cheng Firth, 2005). The Disclosure of Financial Information rule under Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited’s Listing Rules was amended on 31 March 2004 to require full disclosure, on an individual and named basis, of directors’ fees and any other reimbursement or emolument payable to a director. In addition, Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standard 2 requires listed firms to disclose directors’ share-based remuneration. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices forms part of the Listing Rules and came into effect on 1 January 2005. According to the Code on Corporate Governance Practices, Hong Kong’s listed firms should be overseen by an effective board, which should assume responsibility for the leadership and control of the listed firm, and the members of which should be collectively responsible for promoting the success of the firm by directing and supervising its affairs. Directors should make decisions objectively in the best interests of the firm. In regards of remuneration policy for firms’ directors, the Code on Corporate Governance Practices requires the disclosure of information related to the firm’s directors’ remuneration policy and other remuneration-related matters. There should be a formal and transparent procedure for setting policy on executive directors’ remuneration. The Chief Executive Officer, a director in the board of company, will hence have his/her full remuneration disclosed. It is recommended that remuneration should be set at a level sufficient to attract and retain directors of the caliber required to run the company successfully, but companies should avoid paying more than is necessary. However, it is argued that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to monitor board members may be less effective for family-owned firms. However, to attract outside investors, family-owned firms tend to encourage greater independence and monitoring from the board. In Hong Kong, there are quite a number of listed companies have a high concentration of family ownership. It is common for the top executives of family-owned firms in Hong Kong to be family members. The rise of remuneration of family executives in family-owned firms has been the subject of public criticism. Recognizing this, the purpose of this research is to find out whether there is any relationship between family-board-control of firms and remuneration of Chief Executive Officers. To summarize, this study revolves around the following major objectives. †¢ To test whether there are significant differences in Chief Executive Officers’ remuneration for family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms (specifically firms with family-controlled boards and firms without family-controlled boards); †¢ To find out whether â€Å"Family Chief Executive Offices† (cases where the Chief Executive Officer are family members of the family-controlled boards) are awarded excessive compensation, compromising standards of corporate governance; †¢ To examine the tenure of Chief Executive Officers for family-controlled firms vs non-family-controlled firms, given that there may be differences in the board’s ongoing approval and demand of the results delivered by the Chief Executive Office; and †¢ To test whether there are significant differences in corporate governance structure of family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms. 3.LITERATURES REVIEW, HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Agency theory It is commonly acknowledged that ownership structure, the basis of corporate governance, is important to the overall performance of firms. While there are a large number of literatures discussing ownership structure, agency theory is frequently cited as a foundation. In modern corporations, the separation of ownership and control leads to agency conflicts that can be alleviated through various corporate governance mechanisms (Fama and Jensen, 1983). As one such mechanism, compensation schemes are designed to provide incentives that align the behavior of agents to act on behalf of principles (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This relationship between executive compensation and firm performance has received considerable attention from the general public and academics. One of the issues in the field of management is the impact of family influence (Mishra et. al., 2001; McConaughy et. al., 1998) and corporate governance on the value of a firm (Khatri et al., 2001; Kwak, 2003; Black et al., 2003). There are various studies in diverse areas like accounting, economics, finance, law and management have been conducted to study such impact (Mishra et al., 2001; Kwak, 2003; Blacket al., 2003; Andersen and Reeb, 2003). These studies have resulted in interesting and useful observations. According to Alchian and Demsetz (1972), the principal agent problem comes from hidden action due to asymmetric information. The essence of a firm is that, it permits people to work as a team. It is the cooperation of a team that leads to a firm’s output. Thus, the agency problem inevitably arises in corporate governance. According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), agent problem arises from the conflict of interests between shareholders as the principals and the executives as the agents. Consequently, residual control rights fall into the hands of management instead of the residual cash flow claimants. As a result, the sum of monitoring expenditures be incurred by the principal, bonding expenditures incurred by the agent, and the value of the lost residual borne by the principal are included as the cost of agency. In general, when ownership of a firm becomes more dispersed, the agency problem will be deteriorated due to the inability of the relatively small shareholders to monitor the behavior of management. The monitoring of managers by shareholders is also weakened by free-rider problem. To mitigate the problem of agency, Ang (2000) and Denis and Sarin (1999) suggested the shareholding of management to be increased in order to make the executive a significant claimant. An inverse correlation exists between the dispersed ownership and firm performance (Berle and Means, 1932), because executives’ interests do not coincide with the interest of shareholders so that corporate resources are not used for the maximization of shareholders’ wealth. This view has been supported by many scholars. Shleifer and Vishny (1986), McConnell and Servaes (1990), and Zingales (1995) found a strong positive relationship between ownership concentration and corporate performance. In transitional economies, Xu and Wang (1999) and Chen (2001) found a positive relationship between actual firm performance and ownership concentration for a sample of listed Chinese companies. 3.2Ownership Structure It is common in Hong Kong, that ownership structure is characterized by single dominant owners (Chau Leung, 2006). A report of the Corporate Governance Working Group of the Hong Kong Society of Accountants in 1995 indicated that a high concentration on family-controlled listed firms is highly entrepreneurial and opportunistic in their business strategies, however, the report also indicate that these firms with single dominant owners lack resources and corporate culture to maintain strong internal corporate control. The 2001 Review on Corporate Governance by the Hong Kong Standing Committee for Corporate Law Reform, as well as a report from Standard Poor’s, indicated that family ownership structures present particular challenges. Theoretically, there is a major puzzle regarding the role of family in large firms (Bertrand Schoar, 2006; Villalonga Amit, 2006). In family-controlled firms, threatening factors may negatively influence the firms’ value (Demstez, 1983; Demstez and Lehn, 1985). Table 1 as below lists positive and negative factors affecting the relationship between family control and firm value. It shows that there is still difference of opinion among researchers on this topic of importance. 3.3â€Å"Family† Chief Executive Officers In this study, whether a person belonging to the family acts as a Chief Executive Officer is taken into account. We classify family-control and family-ownership when the board is made of a majority of related family members (â€Å"family-controlled board†). When it is not, we classify it as a â€Å"dispersed board†. Family Chief Executive Officers have substantial stockholdings of 5 percent or more (Daily Dollinger, 1993), with such given bargaining power, can be expected to influence the size and structure of their remuneration packages to their own benefit. Thus, for the purposes of this study, Chief Executive Officers with stockholdings of less than 5 percent are not counted as â€Å"Family Chief Executive Officers†. There are differing opinions on whether such Family Chief Executive Officers have higher or lower remunerations at such family-controlled firms. Some believe that such Family Chief Executive Officers are receiving above-average compensation due to the family-controlled board, as well as their strong ability to influence remuneration committee. Oh the other hand, others take the opposite view and see that Family Chief Executive Officers should be receiving below-average compensation. There is several reasons for this expectation. First of all, both anecdotal (Applegate, 1994; Kets de Vries, 1993) and empirical (Allen Pamian, 1982; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001; Schulze et al., 2001) evidence suggest that incumbents with family ties to owners enjoy high employment security. As argued by Beehr (1997), the Family Chief Executive Officer inherently plays two overlapping and interdependent roles: a work role as steward of the company, and a non-work role as fulfillment of family obligations. In reciprocity for this role duality, the Family Chief Executive Officer is rewarded with a relatively assured job (Allen Pamian, 1982; Kets de Vries, 1993; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001). Moreover, some literatures suggested that evaluators are more likely to make positive performance attributions to employees when there are emotional ties between monitoring and those being judged (Cardy Dobbins, 1993). It is expected that in family-controlled firms, board members in their role as monitors may be less inclined to attribute disappointing results to the Family Chief Executive Officer, giving the benefit of the doubt to the incumbent when interpreting ambiguous performance data. Agency theory suggests that there are inherent conflicts between shareholders and executives. Applying agency theory’s logic, the above scenario suggests that in family-controlled firms, risk adverse agents would trade higher job security for lower earnings if they are related to principals. Family Chief Executive Officers mitigate usual agency costs because of their aligned interests with the owners (Anderson Reeb, 2003). The information asymmetry problem in agency relationships may also be reduced given the close ties between Family Chief Executive Officers and the owners. Since they hold high ownership stakes, Family Chief Executive Officers have sufficient incentives to place family welfare ahead of personal interests, thus may perform better than firms with non-family Chief Executive Officers. Barney (2001) suggested that appointing family members as Chief Executive Officers may be beneficial. Tradition, loyalty, and bonding relationships determine how resources are deployed in family firms. Family Chief Executive Officers build common interests and identities (Habbershon Williams, 1999) and play a dual role by being both owners and executives (Chang, 2003; Yiu, Bruton, Lu, 2005). Through social relationships with managers and employees, Family Chief Executive Officers may help to obtain intangible resources such as goal congruence, trust, and social interactions, providing valuable, unique, and hard-to-imitate competitive advantage (Chu, 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Luo Chung, 2005). The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors’ remuneration. Executives in firms controlled by a large shareholder receive more compensation for performance, than executives in firms lacking a controlling owner (Gomez-Mejia et al., 1987). Mehran (1995) examined the relationship between executive remuneration, ownership structure and firm performance. The results indicate that firms, which have more outside directors, have a higher percentage of executive remuneration in equity-based form. Moreover, the percentage of equity-based remuneration is inversely related to the outside directors’ equity ownership, i.e., the executive’s equity-based remuneration rose if the outside directors’ owned less of the company, and vice-versa. Next, Mehran (1995) turned to firm performance, and its relationship to executive remuneration and ownership structure. He used Tobin’s Q and return on assets as measures of firm performance. He found firm performance to be positively related to the percentage of executive remuneration that is equity-based. However, Mehran (1995) no relationship between firm performance and ownership structure. He concluded that the results support the notion that executive remuneration should be tied to firm performance. There is a vast amount of literature on turnover of the Chief Executive Officer position (Furtado and Karan, 1990; Kesner and Sebora, 1994; Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996; Pitcher et al., 2000). However, according to Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996), the relationship between remuneration and turnover has not been subjected to rigorous empirical examination, even given the emphasis on retention as a justification for high remuneration of Chief Executive Officer. The following hypotheses are framed: Hypothesis 1: In family-controlled boards, Chief Executive Officers receive higher compensation. Hypothesis 2: Chief Executive Officers in family-controlled boards serve as Chief Executive Officer positions longer. 3.4Board Composition The role of the board is expected to represent shareholders, provide strategic guidance to and effective oversight of management, foster a culture of good governance, and promote a safe and healthy working environment within the company. In accordance to Hong Kong Stock Exchange Listing Rule 3.10, the board of directors is required to have at least three independent non-executive directors. The presence of â€Å"truly† independent non-executive directors in the corporate governance regime is seen as one way of mitigating agency problem associated with concentrated family ownership. In family-owned firms, given the influence of family control on the remuneration and performance relationships exists, where the majority of shares are in the hands of family members, under this circumstance, the executive and risk-bearer functions are merged and more of the wealth consequences of the executives’ decisions are internalized. In other words, there is less separation of ownership and control and thus lowering agency costs, which in turn leads to less cost for monitoring by outside directors. Therefore, firms closely controlled and managed by family members are expected to use lower proportion of outside directors compared with firms with disperse ownership. In widely held firms, with ownership dispersed among many investors, investors are often small and poorly informed to exercise even the control rights they actually have. Moreover, the free-rider problem faced by individual investors makes them uninterested in expending effort to learn about the firms they have financed, or even to participate in the governance (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). As a result, the larger degree of separation of ownership and control in widely held firms leads to greater conflicts. The use of outside directors by widely held firms is expected to be more. 3.5Remuneration Committee In 1999, remuneration committees were uncommon in Hong Kong, with only few firms reporting their existence (Cheng Firth, 2005). Since 2006, Hong Kong Stock Exchange proposes a rule to require issuers to set up a remuneration committee, with the committee chairman and a majority of the members being Independent Non-executive Directors. In family-owned firms, the positions of the Chief Executive Officer are usually held by family members, who can influence the level of remuneration paid to directors. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors’ remuneration. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends that the majority of remuneration committee members be Independent Non-executive Directors. The presence of Independent Non-executive Directors on the remuneration committee is supposed to be used as monitoring mechanism that prevents excessive remuneration for executive directors (Basu et al., 2007), including that of the Chief Executive Officer. The role of independent non-executive directors and large institutional shareholders becomes crucial to curtailing the possible self-serving behavior of top managers (HKSA, 2001). Studies of firms in other countries show conflicting results on the relationship between remuneration and remuneration committee. Some findings show that remuneration committees tend to reduce remuneration, whereas others report the opposite (Conyon Peck, 1998; Ezzamel Watson, 1998). However, in practice it is highly likely that the Chief Executive Officer has some influence over the compensation decision (Murphy, 1999). An important question relating to the composition of remuneration committee concerns the ideal combination of outsiders and insiders. Insiders may face distorted incentives due to their lack of independence from the Family Chief Executive Officer (Bushman et al., 2004). 3.6 Components of Remuneration The basic components of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer are similar, however, the relative level and weights on the components differ (Abowd and Kaplan, 1999, and Bryan et al., 2006). Generally, remuneration of Chief Executive Officer can be divided into four basic parts: a base salary, an annual bonus which is tied to some accounting measure of company performance, stock options, and long-term incentive plans, such as restricted stock plans and multi-year accounting-based performance plans. †¢ Base salary: is the fixed part of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer, causing risk-averse executives to prefer an increase in base salary rather than an increase in bonuses. Most components of remuneration are specified relative to base salary. †¢ Bonus: in addition to the base salary, most companies offer their executives an annual bonus plan based on a single year’s performance. The purpose of such bonuses, as well as options, is to align the incentives of the Chief Executive Officer with that of the shareholders. †¢ Stock options: are contracts, which give the owner the right to buy shares at a pre-specified exercise price. Stock options reward stock price appreciation, not total shareholder return, which includes dividends. In this study, stock options are excluded, as full details of such information would not be retrievable from annual reports. †¢ Other forms of compensation: restricted stock to be received by executives, it is restricted in the sense that shares are forfeited under certain conditions, which usually have to do with the longevity of employment. Many companies also have long-term incentive plans in addition to the bonus plans, which are based on annual performance. Top executives routinely participate in supplemental executive retirement plans in addition to the company-wide retirement plans. Most executives have some sort of severance arrangement. Finally, executives often receive benefits in the form of free use of company cars, housing, etc. Based on the various conceptual and empirical evidences presented above, this study aims to understand whether the remuneration of a Family Chief Executive Officer is influenced by the board composition, i.e. whether it is family-controlled or not. This ties into the original Hypothesis 1, thus, the further hypotheses is framed as follows: Hypothesis 3: The higher the proportion of independent non-executive members on the board of directors at family-board-controlled firms, the lower the Chief Executive Officer remuneration.