Arthur Millers play Essay Example for Free

Arthur Millers play Es tellIn the book of record that Mr Parris keeps, I note that you are rarely in church on Sabbath day twenty-six times in seventeen month, sir. I must call that rare this can cause people be disobedient and there is also the event that not everyone feels the same way about religion and forcing people would cause resentment between the community it self, and that is exactly what we materialise happening. Lets take the Walcotts. They blamed Martha Corey of being a hex. This was due to the fact that she had sold them a pig and it died.When they asked for their money back saying that she had given them a unquiet pig, she refused and said Walcott, if you nursent the wit to feed a pig properly, youll not live to own many After that, the Walcotts claimed that they couldnt keep a pig alive for more than four weeks and so accused her of being a witch. The whole witchery business turned into some topic to settle old grudges. We even scrape Ann Putnam accusi ng Rebecca Nurse, who as we go was a very religious and god fearing woman.She accuses her because of her jealousy of Rebecca having so many children and grandchildren and not one of them died. She accused Rebecca of murdering her babies with her powers as a witch. So we find that the community was very much involved in accusing and taking advantage of these witch trials as a way of solving old grudges and to enthrone it to use for their personal vendettas. There was also the drift of John Proctor. He should have gone(p) to the romance and told them at the beginning what Abigail had told him, before the whole thing got so out of hand.The towns mumbling witchcraft. Oh, posh We were dancin in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She took a fright is all This shows that Abigail admits that there is no right in the witchcraft rumour. By the time he went and told them, they had already thrown a lot of people in jail for witchcraft. For them to listen to Proctor would be admitting that they had made a mistake, and that in it self would mean that other problems would arise for them. Proctors affair with Abigail had also somewhat caused these witch trials.Abigail, due to her infatuation with Proctor had gone to the woods where she drank a blood charm to kill his wife and was discovered by Parris. That was the start of the rumours of witchcraft. There was also the mistake of Elizabeth Proctor. If she had not lied, the court would have been overthrown. Is your husband a lecher? No sir She spoke nothing of lechery, and this man has lied The lie caused the fact that Abigail had confessed to Proctor that she had been dancing and that there was no witchcraft done on them, to be dismissed as a lie told by Proctor.So once again the witch trials were back on. Rebecca Nurse seemed to be the only person who understood what was going on. I have seen them all through their silly season She knew that what Betty and Ruth were doing was just their childhood mis chiefs. In fact Abigail, when talking to Proctor, had said She took fright, is all about Bettys condition. So we can see that not all of the community was bad. And of course we cannot forget the legal system the courts commentary into the trials, as they had held them.First of all the rule that if you confessed to witchcraft you would not be hanged but if you didnt then you will hang, is totally preposterous. This means that even if people were innocent, which we know they were, they would have to confess to save their lives. If people confess then it would be known that witchcraft is about in Salem and so there would be no talk of overthrowing the court. In fact even after finding out that the accusations of witchcraft had been a hoax they were not ready to admit mistake and went on further and executed some more people.I cannot think they would run off except they fear to keep in Salem anymore. take down it, sir, Abigail had close knowledge of this town. This shows that Abigail had been lying. So the question is how much was it Abigails fault that these witch trials took place. After gathering sufficient evidence from the play, one cannot be certain and say that Abigail was to blame entirely because we know it is not entirely true. We know there were other factors and people who supported and compete a big part in the trials.We also know that a lot of it was to settle old grudges and to deal with individuals personal vendettas. Still we cannot deny the fact that Abigail was the main reason for these witch trials. The drunkenness of the blood charm and dancing and heaven knows what else and then being discovered started the talk of witchcraft and after that, one after the other, the drastic events of the Salem witch trials unfolded. In my opinion I feel that Abigail was to blame somewhat although I would not blame her entirely.Living in a strict community and having seen fantastic things happen in front of her as a child could definitely not have helped her behaviour and mentality. I myself would also hold responsible the court and people like the Putnams and the Walcotts and also Parris, to some extent, for the trials. Not really for being a cause for starting them as such, although I do think they played some part, but mainly for contributing to them after they had started. As for Abigail, her behaviour cannot be excused, yet we can try and understand why she did what she did.We know that a lot of it had to do with her obsession with Proctor but if we were to look just beneath the surface we would find that, at least in my opinion, that Abigail was somewhat mentally psychotic in some ways and really needed a good and loving home to support her after the murder of her parents to have prevented her from her direful deeds. By Kausar Hussain 10S Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Improving Our Public Schools EssayBeing educated is a right, not a privilege. Whether it be in a humankind or private learning institution, to be educated is still what matters most. In choosing the right school for students is one of the exact decisions to arrive at a settlement. Children growing while learning argon the next runners of the economy, the government, the entertainment. With their innate, infinite potentials, the quality towards learning experience is approximatelything that cannot be deprived of. moldable them is shaping the future. But, before anything else, how can these students achieve the satisfaction of real-learning?In reality, global economy is not stable. Thus, not everyone is capable of affording their children on sending to good schools or the students themselves who work to sustain their studies can steadily stand with it. Reason why public schools atomic number 18 established. Student education is vital. It edifies in frame of referenceation ob tainment, organization and presentation to its receivers. If public schools are not well-maintained, its quality is degraded. A degraded quality means failure to imply proper education among its learners.Improving public schools enables its constituents to advance in education symmetry to those of in private schools. From the Comprehensive School Improvement Program (CSIP) which is a decade-long initiative to improve public schools under the Ford Foundation, it created breakaway observers who evaluate education initiatives. With this, suggestions from other individuals arose which are focused on improving public schools. The project started to gain donors who support the improvements. Not all public schools are lucky enough to have CSIP behind.That is why solutions are mandatory upon planning to develop a public school. Hiring qualified teachers, improving buildings to a modernized ambiance, coarse funding, comprehensive program of study and efficient leadership are components of a successful improved school (Petrovich 8). Teachers are the primary persons responsible for the students. Although in some cases, teachers are hired even without passing the qualifications or, they may have passed but the quality they pass onto students does not suffice the standards of a proper education.Facility renovations are costly, which become hindrance in providing both teachers and students comfort. This is linked to the funding for a school. More so, the designed curriculum must be updated and extensive teaching methods are used. Sadly, what breaks the objective of improving public schools is the negligence to essentially impose it. Normally, these public schools cater the poor ones. And sustaining such, even from the government, is not always much reliable specifically among the third world countries.Advocacies will be of help in promoting aiding the schools. With the conviction of participation in assisting programs for public learning facilities improvement, it would a t least lessen the lode of pushing the school on providing quality education despite its lax. Being a part of a project to progress public school is not easy. It will always, in a way or another, encounter financial problems and should the allocated budget dries up, the project halts. Still, there are strategies to support in order to receive goals.Building constituency and coalition to minimize future financial and human dilemmas are important. Also, establishing communications and expanding networks increase participants. Public schools are still schools. It is a building that teaches how to form a better society. Regardless of the class it serves, it deserves the right to be respected and recognized. ? Works Cited Petrovich, J. Strategies for Improving Public Education. New York Ford Foundation, 2008.

Intelligence Led Policing Models

Intelligence Led Policing ModelsThe objective of this syndicate research pop off is to keep by that. Has law ordinance 2002 fulfilled its objectives? What argon the missing and gaps in its conceptual framework and implementation process? Why fraternity policing system has been go away out of the ordinance? And will it contribute negatively or positively?This is basically aimed at analyzing the success or failure if the ordinance with special indite to its stated objectives.Further,this research work digs out the gaps between the real concept of the ordinance and its implementation?Besides,this study also finds out that for what reasons,one of the important policing systems- residential district policing system-has not been foc manipulationd upon in the ordinance?More importantly and lastly,this research work analysis whether the ordinance has been story of success or failure by ignoring the inborn element of connection policing system in the law ordinance 2002?POLICING MODE LSIntelligence-led policing (ILP) is a policing model that has emerged in recent years which is built around risk judgement and risk sleep togetherment.Although there is no universally accepted understanding of what lore-led policing entails the leading definition is that ILP is a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis and management of endure and moderniseing chores or risks. In simpler terms, it is a model of policing in which intelligence serves as a guide to operations, rather than the reverse.Calls for intelligence-led policing originated in the 1990s, both in Britain and in the United States. In the U.S. Mark Rieblings 1994 book Wedge The Secret War between the FBI and CIA spotlighted the conflict between law enforcement and intelligence, and urged cops to become more(prenominal) like spies. Intelligence-led policing gained sizable momentum globally following the September 11 terrorist attacks on t he United States. It is now advocated by the leading police associations in North America and the UK.Although claimed as a policing framework that builds on earlier paradigms, including partnership policing, problem-oriented policing, and continuous improvement or partnership models of policing, it originated as a rejection of the reactive, crime focus of community policing with calls for police to spend more time employing informants and surveillance to combat recidivist offenders.Recently, intelligence-led policing has undergone a revisionist expansion to allow incorporation of reassurance and neighbourhood policing.United KingdomIntelligence-led policing in the UK has been utilize as a specialized police practice involving the identification and targeting of high-rate, chronic offenders and devising strategic interventions based on that intelligence.ILP originated as a problem-oriented strategy in the Kent and Northumbria Constabularies in combating motor vehicle theft and othe r property crime.Kent prioritized its calls for service, placing less priority on minor service calls and referring them to other agencies, which in turn provided police with more time to focus on the property crimes. Rather than reactively responding to individual incidents, a systematic analysis was conducted of offenses that identified a pattern showing that a small topic of offenders were responsible for a disproportionately large number of motor vehicle thefts in the area.Also identified were repeat victims and problem areas. employ this knowledge to formulate a response, police could soon boast a signifi suffert drop in the automobile theft rate. Since 2000, ILP has been enshrined in Britain as the philosophical system underpinning the National Intelligence Model.United StatesThe post-9/11 environment in the US, the era of Homeland Security for Ameri give the axe policing,8 has increased demands for law enforcement to build global partnerships and to work more closely with local anesthetic agencies to expand the capacity of the state to fight both crime and terrorism. Given the belief that 9/11 and other terrorist attacks could absorb been prevented if not for intelligence failures, a key difference with intelligence-led policing from earlier strategies is that intelligence is no longer considered a specialized function for crime analysts or intelligence units.Investigations following bombings of the rail systems in Madrid and London and the arrest of suspected terrorists in Canada, Britain, and Florida suggested that intelligence culled from a variety of sources and through strengthened inter-agency cooperation may be the key to identifying suspects and successfully intervening to prevent attacks.On March 16, 2005, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff outlined a risk-based approach to homeland earnest plane section threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences when he said,Risk management must guide our decision-making as we e xamine how we ignore best organize to prevent, respond, and recover from an attack . . . . Our strategy is, in essence, to manage risk in terms of these three variables threat, vulnerability, consequence. We seek to prioritize according to these variables, to fashion a series of preventive and protective steps that increase security at multiple levels.In 2006 Mark Riebling of the Center for Policing Terrorism published a doctrine on Intelligence-Led Policing. Rieblings model leverages both Israeli counter-terrorist tactics, and the NYPDs Broken Windows policing theories. Among the Broken-Windows mechanisms, Rieblings doctrine blends problem solving, environmental design, community policing, and public-private partnerships. Analyzing the operations of the Israeli National Police in Tel Aviv, Riebling notes approvingly that investigation of the incident, even a traffic accident, is secondary to the number one goal-which is gathering intelligence. For instance, when they raided a bor dello, where the patrons were primarily Arabs from assorted parts of the region, Israeli police were less concerned about the criminal activity, than with preparing intelligence reports on who these hoi polloi were, and how they got into Israel.IssuesIntelligence-led policing is still in its early stages and therefore lacks a universal conceptual framework that chamberpot be applied to disparate contexts as the new policing paradigm. carrying into action can also be difficult, because it requires police managers to involve faith in the intelligence process and in the judgments and recommendations of their intelligence staff.Some have also questioned whether the foundational member intelligence has been properly considered, pointing out there is already information overload that police and security professionals have to contend with from the huge databanks that have been built up in the intelligence process, and that increasing raw data is not the same as generating knowledge or actionable intelligence.Finally, intelligence-led policing is part of the larger trend of blurring the tuberosity between national security and domestic policing, or the states military and police functions, and risks the same perils that have tarnished policing in the past, much(prenominal) as political interference, violating civil liberties, and a greater potential for the abuse of police power with the increased secrecy that intelligence work entails.The Community PolicingOrganizational ChangeIdeally, community policing should be take organization- simple and be reflected through department participation at all levels as well as through the organizations mission, goals, objectives, performance evaluations, hiring and promotion practices, training, and all other systems that doctor organisational culture and activities. One of the most important specific aspects of organizational change relevant to community policing is a flattened organizational structure. Community poli cing departments are a great deal less hierarchical, supporting managements dispersion of decision-making authority to the lowest organizational level and holding those individuals accountable for the outcomes. A second important element of organizational change is placed geographic responsibility. Officers or deputies are assigned to fixed geographic areas for extended periods, based on social and cultural considerations and on the supposition that this fosters better communication with residents increases the police officers ability to understand, prevent, and respond to community problems and enhances accountability to the citizens in that area.Problem SolvingCommunity policing departments also actively address the key conditions that give rise to or facilitate crime or disorder in an effort to prevent future problems by identifying and analyzing problems and by development bespoke strategies that may include traditional and nontraditional responses that focus on deterring offenders, protecting likely victims, and making locations less conducive to crime and disorder. Departments should use a wide array of relevant traditional and nontraditional data sources to better understand and evaluate the nature of problems and work in conjunction with the community and other organizations to develop effective long-term solutions. Problem solving often manifests itself in the scanning, analysis, response and assessment problem-solving model. Departments freshman identify relevant or perceived crime problems (scanning), tick off the nature and underlying conditions that give rise to those problems (analysis), craft and implement interventions that are linked to that analysis (response), and evaluate its effectiveness (assessment). The process is understood as continually involving feedback among the components. For instance, through in-depth analysis, agencies may come to define problems differently, effectively returning to the scanning phase. Likewise, an as sessment may limit that a response was ineffective and that the problem requires supererogatory analysis.External PartnershipsUnder a community policing philosophy, departments partner with other government, social service, and community agencies in attempts to identify and address persistent problems in the community. They form out-of-door partnerships in recognition of other agencies unique strengths, tools, and expertise that can be leveraged when addressing community problems. The police are only one of a host of local government agencies responsible for responding to community problems. Under community policing, coordination with other government agencies in developing comprehensive and effective solutions is essential. In addition, the police are promote to develop working partnerships with civic and community groups to accurately survey community needfully and priorities and to use the public as a resource in problem solving and in developing and implementing intervention s.Community Policing and Terrorism Prevention and ResponseOrganizational ChangeA flat organizational structure may consider more effective terrorist prevention and response. It has been demonstrated that local law enforcement officers are likely to come into contact with those who may be directly or indirectly involved in terrorist activities and most certainly will be among the first responders to any future terrorist attack. Empowering officers at lower levels with decision-making authority and familiarizing them with making (and taking responsibility for) important decisions could be of value in any crisis. In a terrorist event, there may be little time for decisions to move up the chain of command. Officers who are accustomed to making decisions and retaining authority may be better prepared to respond quickly and decisively to any event. In addition, in terms of prevention, developing a flat organizational structure can help lower-level officers feel free to pursue leads or s uspected terrorist activity. In addition, having fixed geographic responsibility may assist officers in identifying possible terrorist threats. Officers who work in a community or neighborhood for an extended time can develop specific intelligence concerning resident and community activities. This street-level knowledge is a vital part of counter-intelligence efforts.Problem SolvingProblem-solving models are well meeted to preventing and responding to terrorist activity. Departments can use some existing data sources ahead of time to develop detailed risk management and crisis plans. Identifying potential terrorist targets in local jurisdictions is an important first step. Police can determine what in their jurisdictions (dams, electric grids, chemical warehouses, large-scale public gatherings) are potential terrorist targets. Community policing encourages agencies to conduct complex analyses of the possible threats and of their comparative likelihood of occurring. Finally, agenc ies in conjunction with other government, social, and community entities can develop detailed crisis prevention and response plans. Finally, the community policing model encourages continual refinement of these plans to suit changing conditions and threat levels.External PartnershipsThe threat of terrorism provides a unique opportunity to defecate partnerships with citizens, other government organizations, and other law enforcement agencies. Prior impassivity toward these partnerships that may have existed is often bowdlerised by the presence of terrorist targets and threats. Recent terrorist events and associated concerns may have created a sense of uneasiness and urgency in many communities. The specter of additional terrorist activity has created an opportunity to galvanize local police to work with their communities, other law enforcement agencies, and local, state, and federal entities. The community policing model encourages the development of much(prenominal) ongoing and effective partnerships, which can be invaluable in preventing terrorist activity because of increased opportunities for intelligence gathering and sharing. They can also be central to developing coordinated responses to any actual terrorist events.Community policing encourages agencies to establish and expand upon existing partnerships with a goal of developing model crisis plans and processes to deal with the aftermath of terrorist incidents. These plans and processes would consider the demand and concerns of all community stakeholders. Law enforcement and local government can come together with community partners to develop a plan on how to prepare for much(prenominal) a crisis, what to do in the event of such a crisis, and how to cope with its aftermath.Community Policing and Fear of TerrorismBy definition, the primary goal of terrorism is to create tending and an atmosphere of uncertainty. This precaution can greatly affect the quality of life of many individuals, extending far beyond those who are directly affected by a terrorist event. In the United States the police have increasingly been asked to address the disquietude of crime generally. The expansion of their role to include quality of life and partnerships with citizens, as emphasized by the community policing philosophy, has increasingly brought fear of crime under the purview of police professionals. As A. Steven Dietz stated in Evaluating Community Policing, Reduction of fear of crime has been associated with community policing programs since their inception. It is clear that reducing fear of crime has become an essential element and an often explicitly articulated goal of community policing. Thus, community policing finds itself well positioned to deal with issues of fear that can arise as a direct issuance of terrorist activity. In addition, dealing directly with citizen fear of crime is important, as unchecked fear of terrorism (or feelings of revenge) can manifest itself in hate crimes and illegal bigotry targeted particularly at people who are Muslim and of marrow Eastern descent. These are important social problems that law enforcement should be prepared to respond to and prevent.Organizational ChangeAdoption of the community policing philosophy partly involves reengineering department processes and resources away from randomness and reactivity and toward information- and service-driven community-based approaches. Police officers are often assigned to specific geographic areas to foster communication with residents and are accountable to those residents and their superiors for the safety and public assistance of that area. Other aspects of the agency are realigned to support the most fundamental focus of all activities, the agitate.As a result of this emphasis, police officers should be more attuned to revolt levels of community concern and fear and, by virtue of the relationships they have established within the community, be in a position to respond effec tively to those needs and concerns. Community policing has been found to engender trust and increased satisfaction among residents for the police, which in periods of heightened unrest can be parlayed into dealing more effectively with community fear that can be based on both rational and irrational concerns.Problem SolvingCommunity policing encourages a deeper understanding of the fear that may result from terrorist events. The first step is to determine whether fear is a problem in the community and to determine the extent of the problem. Police can conduct citizen interviews, surveys, and face-to-face interactions to determine levels of citizen fear. Then they can analyze the underlying conditions that give rise to or encourage fear. Perhaps it is a result of a specific terrorist-related fear such as living near what is perceived to be a potential terrorist target, or the fear may involve fear for loved ones who reside in high-threat areas. Finally, perhaps the fear is a more gen eral fear of terrorism. In any event, law enforcement should work to understand the extent and nature of fear in their community if they want to develop effective responses.Law enforcement should then work in partnership with other community groups to develop responses aimed at decreasing levels of fear if they are negatively affecting quality of life and are determined to be highly exaggerated. Community policing efforts to deal with citizen fear of crime have include foot and vehicle patrols in high-crime neighborhoods, as well as community meetings, citizen patrols, neighborhood cleanup programs, opening neighborhood substations, and citizen awareness campaigns. Clearly, citizen fear of terrorist events is somewhat different than fear of crime generally. However, some of the same techniques may also be useful for reducing this type of fear. For example, citizen awareness campaigns can inform citizens about what the local police and city government are doing to prevent and prepare for possible terrorist events. Crisis response plans can be discussed in addition to general prevention activities. Citizens can be informed about what they themselves can do-such as preparing emergency survival kits for their own homes-to prepare for possible terrorist events and can be informed of evacuation routes to use in the event of a large-scale disaster. Finally, law enforcement agencies should assess the effectiveness of any fear-reduction efforts and modify their responses accordingly.External PartnershipsThe emphasis on building strong community partnerships encouraged by a community policing philosophy may also help trim citizen fear of terrorist events. These partnerships may be able to directly reduce fear by increasing citizen feelings of efficacy, increasing the bond among neighbors themselves, and involving citizens in prevention and preparedness activities. Encouraging citizen involvement in neighborhood watch, youth education, and cleanup programs can increase social cohesion among citizens and has been found to result in decreased fear of crime. It is likely that these increasing feelings of efficacy in response to terrorist events may have similar effects. Citizens can be involved to differing degrees in prevention and preparedness discussions.Traditional PolicingHistorically, local law enforcement in the 1930s and 1940s was characterized by the beat cop, who knew every resident and business owner in an assigned area. Likewise, this officer became aware almost immediately when a crime occurred and generally found out quickly from members of the community who committed it. This timely apportionment of justice helped to create a strong bond between members of the community and the officers who patrolled their districts.However, this policing model harbored significant drawbacks. Officers often gained appointments through corrupt political deals, were poorly trained, and rarely displayed a professional appearance or demeanor.PROFESSIONAL P OLICING MODELAs a result, the 1960s and seventies saw the dawn of the professional policing model. These new officers used the most up-to-date technologysuch as high-speed cruisers, forensic laboratories, mobile radios, and 911 emergency systemsto serve the sprawling suburban environment that came to characterize much of the American landscape. Considering the vast areas covered by a limited number of officers, response times were exceptionally quick. Such areas as recruiting practices, training, and professionalism were vastly improved.But the professional policing model possessed its own inherent shortcomings. Officers became less a part of the communities they served. In fact, they were intentionally placed outside of the community as a reaction to the potential for corruption that existed in prior policing models. And, even though response times were exceptional, calls for police service still brought officers to the opinion after a crime had been committed. This incident-orien ted policing model placed an impressive array of resources at officers disposal to locate offenders, but made little attempt to reduce actual crime numbers.COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING MODELCommunity-oriented policing combines the familiarity, trust, and sense of ownership characterized by the beat cop with the professionalism and expertise of the professional policing model. Officers working in this mode conduct their patrols from a problem-oriented, rather than incident-oriented, perspective. Accordingly, the focus becomes preventiverather than reactivepolice work.Officers involved in community-oriented policing have access to residents on a personal level, which helps to build a better relationship between the community and the police department. Residents see the police as more than just anonymous blue suits driving down the street in patrol cars. The community is more involved with the officers, and in turn, becomes the eyes and ears of the department in the neighborhood.

The Effect Of Advanced Educational Tools English Language Essay

The Effect Of Advanced Educational Tools English Language EssayThe report is about advance(a) teaching tools with learning scientific disciplines of students. A skilful phone which is an advanced education tool is helpless for student learning. The advanced education tools be the important begind of boastful learning skills such as bad writing skill, cross-fileing skill and recite skill and the report will point to the real ca utilisationd.The aim of the report is determination the real caused for understanding the real problem of students learning. The problem is a chronic education problem that students hindquarterst necessitate, write and spell.There are two inside information of advanced education tools that are tools and effects. The tools such as a smart phone, spell check tools, dictionary tools, thesauruses tools and word processing tools are a cause of worse learning. The effects such as short attention span, low wee-wees, bad writing skill and solid writing sk ill cause by the advanced educational tools and meshing.Although students pee-pee the benefit of advanced education tools on their reckoners and smart phones, their learning skills such as tuition skill, writing skill and spelling skill are worse. The advanced education tools such as a smart phone is helpless for better scores. However, bad learning skills cause by improper used. Nowadays young peoples attention span has become increasingly shorter because they spend intimately of times on the internet and their electronic gadgets. On the opposite hand, however, their scores and learning skills habit be worse if they use the tools for real education.The effect of advanced educational toolsshort attention spanStudents use most of times with playing games on the internet, chatting on Face book and Twitter. Electronic gadget such as a smart phone is the best advanced educational tools. At the same time, the tool makes students have become short attention span to learn in a class room because they use it in improper way.low scoreAlthough most students benefit from advanced education tools on their computers or smart phones, their scores arent better and it inferms to be worse. The low score caused maybe comes from the students who dont care about their scores and learning, and sometimes it maybe comes from the teachers who dont concentrate on their students as well as they should. However students use the tools for real education, it wont have the problem.bad writing skillThe most youngsters like to use many slang words. When they talk or kick the bucket to other people, they will use a short word that it looks like their speechmaking identity. More everywhere, they use the most times with chatting on the internet that it is a cause of the slang words used. The most writing for communication on the internet isnt proper syntax use that it becomes familiar and leads to bad writing skill.Solid writing skillsNowadays wring skill of a student is not more than increasing or decrease than then because most students already use such technology as spell-check, internet, smart phone etc on a daily basis. Students pay attention to them more than interest in their lesson. When they are free in a class, they are more playing games and playing electronic gadgets than study and practice. This reason suffer explain why most students have solid wring skill.Wring skill of Asiatic is better than U.S.Its said that there is a learning strategy in Asia different from U.S. Asian English learning is practic altogethery to study reading, writing and speaking which differ from American that allowed students to use spell-check, computer word processing tools and others. The Asian who more read and write so, they better wring skill than American.Cant readAt present educational tools have been developed greatly. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages too. Cant read is one of the disadvantages that decreased reading skills of students. There ar e many causes for example students prefer to use Education tools instead of try to learn by themselves and low quality educational technique of teachers. How to solution? Students should read with a purpose, so focus on that purpose and the material. This simple technique helps students focus and increase their concentration and high score.Internet Meaning.Is the largest computer network in the world, which is caused by a variety of computer systems, networks, sub-networks together into a large network. That two or more computers. Can communicate with each other via bitch lines, Cable or Satellite, etc. will exchange contact information. Or mechanical joint such as Printer or CD-Rom together, we call this the behavior of a computer network (Network), which has a number of computers on the network. And is connected to the world. Into a larger network. We call this the Internet itself.Advantage of the Internet.1. Ability to communicate with others around the world.2. Could not find any information as to sit in the library with a huge wealth of information from all over the world.3. Compared to the Wests comment in a chat room and message boards is open wide and interesting vision.4. Could track the movement of information quickly.5. Opening trade on their own. Without the need to set up a shop or service. It can be made by myself alone.6. Electronic mail (E-mail) sent a letter to request and receive mail within and outside the country. The message is the message. Send a greeting card to a different country.7. Reading magazine and paper articles as well as our stories for free then buy the book to read.8. Posting messages that others have posted to a tracker. Jobs. Announcement assistance.9. A lot of visible(prenominal) free from the Internet, such as images, music, TV programs, computer games.Disadvantage of the Internet.1. The Internet is a large network with many people used the service. As a forum for open and free to anyone who writes. Or posted without moderation are good. The information obtained can not be sure that is true or not.2. An intrusion of copyright for a song to download. Collected or sold. It is a problem. Editing to become a famous pornographic images or corrupted.3. Causing the crime. Because of the internet, such as the temptation to advance women in a bad way. The crime of rape. The porn site.4. Creates problems for autistic youth at the site. Cause disease via the Internet. Cause harm to their amicable undertakings.The meaning of dictionaryA dictionary (also called a wordbook, lexicon, or vocabulary) is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon. According to Nielsen (2008) a dictionary may be regarded as a lexicographical p roduct that is characterized by three significant features (1) it has been prepared for one or more functions (2) it contains data that have been selected for the purpose of fulfilling those functions and (3) its lexicographic structures link and establish relationships between the data so that they can meet the needs of users and fulfill the functions of the dictionary.Advantages of dictionaryThere are many definitions.EtymologiesPhoneticsPronunciationsDisadvantages of dictionaryIt is expensive for someone.Some words wrong definitions.There is a little vocabulary.The meaning of thesaurusesA thesaurus is a reference work that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. The largest thesaurus in the world is the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, which contains more than 920,000 entries.Advantages of thesaurusesContaining syn onymsContaining antonymsThe meaning of word processingWord processing is the origin of documents using a word processor. It can also refer to advanced shorthand techniques, sometimes used in specialized contexts with a specially modify typewriter.Advantages of word processing1. Most people can type faster than they can write2. word-processed documents are always legible3. Documents can easily be sending electronically4. Can use certain features like hyperlinks5. Spell /grammar check easy to erase and fix mistakes and edit text6. It is easier to make changes to your document. You can move, change, delete, save, and format all your ideas in one handy file.7. It frees you to express ideas more clearly and to let your thoughts flow because anything can be changed or deleted later.8. It allows you to organize all your work or ideas together in a file. Instead of deleting dissevers that do not seem to fit an assignment, you can move them to the end of the file where they can be used la ter or in another project.9. It is easy to share and store word processing files electronicallyDisadvantages of word processingrequires a computer (and electrical power) to writedata can be lost by a computer malfunctionrequires a computer or printer to view documentcertain languages (esp. Asian languages) require hundreds of symbols not easily accessed on a keyboardsymbols and equations are easier to write than create on a computerThe meaning spell checkSpell check (or spell check) is an application program that flags words in a document that may not be spelled correctly. Spell checkers may be stand-alone capable of operating on a block of text, or as part of a larger application, such as a word processor, email client, electronic dictionary, or search engine.Advantages of spell checks1. Allows the ready checking of ones spelling, giving suggestions as to which word you may have meant to type.2. Better word processors spell checkers also check for grammar and sentence structure.3. It may tell you the voice of a given phrase / sentence / paragraph i.e. passive (tentative) voice you have possibly said if you hit him he may fall and hurt himself. instead of something like knock him to the ground and see him bleed. This can allow a document to the tightened up were needed to give a very concise paper.Disadvantages of spell checks1. As most word processors solo use an abridged dictionary many of the words one may use will not be in the dictionary already installed2. Although by parsing the document the grammar can be checked, there is nothing to validate the semantics, i.e. whether it makes sense or not.3. In many cases the voice of a document is of no offspring and feature just proves to be an annoyanceConclusionAlthough students have the benefit of advanced education tools on their computers and smart phones, their learning skills such as reading skill, writing skill and spelling skill are worse. The advanced education tools such as a smart phone is helpless for better scores. However, bad learning skills cause by improper used. Nowadays young peoples attention span has become increasingly shorter because they spend most times on the internet and their electronic gadgets. On the other hand, however, their scores and learning skills wont be worse if they use the tools for real education.Tak, Bow, Olef, Bim

Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Interventions

Effectiveness of Restorative Justice InterventionsRestorative arbitrator is a holistic philosophy and a concept as it encompasses the offender, the dupe and the society in which the offence was committed. It aims to re dumbfound a conclusive end to the offence committed by making more or less type of reparations for the malice inflicted, the hurt caused and the deepening of the urge to re-offend. Restorative evaluator, although a get of the criminal justice military operation, is not a part of the criminal justice system as one of its goals it to alleviate the damage caused by the criminal justice system on the offender and the victim.There atomic number 18 many explanations of the concept of reviving justice (Zehr, 1990, 1997 Van Ness, 1996 Van Ness Strong, 1997 Sherman Strong, 2007 Amour et al, 2008). This shows that the concept remains hard to define (McCold, 1999 Braze more Schiff, 2001 Latimer et al, 2005 Pranis, 2007). However, at a linked Nations Convention, a wo rking definition was adopted and titled the Marshall Definition (McCold, 1999 Newell, 2002) the following is his definition Restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a berth in a specific offence collectively solve how to deal with the afterwardmath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999). Mier (1998), attempts to define restorative justice without any savoir-faire to two of the circles namely the victim and society. In a later definition Menkel-Medow (2007) acknowledges Marshalls definition besides attempts to be more concise restorative justice in its most idealised form attempts to repair, restore, reconcile and reintegrate offenders and victims to each other and to their shargond community. However, the United Nations and the Council of Europe have agreed that thither be differences in the terminologies and ideologies on restorative justice (Roche, 2001 Mier et al, 2001 Johnstone et al, 2006). With or without an accurate definition t he concept of restorative justice has been in use since the early 1970s in Canada and after became widely used and identified with Victim offender mediation (VOM), conferencing, circles, victim assistance, ex-offender assistance, restitution and community service. Whereas retributive/criminal justice focuses on punishment, the restorative persona emphasizes accountability, healing, and pulley block (Umbriet, 1998) and looks at the offence as on the person and not on the state.One of the major consequences of restorative justice is the healing or closure for the victim of the offence. For too long the victim was made to suffer the offence many times over in the criminal justice system and in some cases looking at a level of disrespect, as the case was dragged through court, this caused the victims to run that gauntlet of emotions over again and sometimes being un subject to allot with those feelings they skip hearings or even cause the case to be quashed letting the offender go f ree and feeling that he had the advantage (Graef, 2000 Herman Webster, 2005 Newell cited in Edgar, 2002. Menkle-Medow, 2007 YJB, 2008) In the criminal justice system the victim is hardly ever given an opportunity to explain how the have been impacted by the offence and sometimes are not even given the chance to meet their offender in court, this bum cause repression of emotions and further scaring, they are given very few rattling opportunities to be conform to an active participant in the court process because the criminal justice system is all about the offender and not the victim (Herman Webster, 2005 Umbreit 1998 YJB, 2008). In restorative justice the emphasis ideally should be on all three sections relating to the offence the victim, the offender and the society/community (Newell, 2002 Schiff, 2007 Marshall 1999) surrounding the offence, moreover a little more emphasis is placed in many cases on the victim, this type of mediation (Graef, 2000) makes the victims feel that t hey are an important factor (Graef, 2000 Crawford et al, 2003 Herman Webster, 2005 Angel, 2005 Kubanzky, 2007 cited in Sherman Strang, 2007). With restorative justice the victim feels a since of vindication understanding the reasons, if any, behind why they were targeted for the offence which sometimes lead to an understanding that this leave alone not devolve to them again, at least not by the hands of the same offender and that they were not the cause of the offence being inflicted upon them (Umbriet, 1998 Graef, 2000 Herman Webster, 2005 Green 2007). As a end of restoration the victim is able to put a face to the crime and not be assailed with the fear that the culprit is still out there observance them even living next door to them or possibly a friend, they are more satisfied with the resultant role (McCold et al 1998 Strang 2002 Sherman Strang 2007 Tudor, 2002.). The victims feel comfortable and are able to reintegrate themselves into society as a productive member (U mbriet, 1998 Marshall 1999 Graef, 2000). In cases where the victim is allowed to decide the retribution of the offender they keister feel a sense of justice as the sentence is exactly what they want in order of magnitude to feel retribution for the crime committed this assists in repairing the maltreat caused (Herman Webster, 2005 Schiff, 2007). Restorative justice is seen in these cases to be much more rehabilitative than any correctional programme in the criminal justice system because it is the military man side of the offence (Graef, 2000 Herman Webster, 2005 Tudor, 2002.) and it places emphasis on repairing relationships which are the tapestry of society (Schiff, 2007).Linda Radzik (2007) argues that restorative justice focuses heavily on the ability of the offender to gain optimistic restorative action (Graef, 2000), she continues to point out that in all cases in order for this action to be fully restorative it must be sober and voluntary (Umbreit 1994 Menkle-Medow, 2007). It must alike be offered for the right reasons and must also be married with other sincere and voluntary efforts on the part of the offender, much(prenominal) as a change in behaviour (Radzik, 2007). Radzik (2007) also goes on to outline the necessary steps the offender motivations to complete in order to be considered reformed under the restorative justice concept.One of the main consequences of restorative justice is that the offender is able to heal in a more positive and possibly holistic manner, thus limiting the impact of his suffering, to the criminal justice method of public shaming, this type of indirect shaming does not rehabilitate the offender but usually leads to further anger being internalised and then released as further offending (Graef, 2000). Within this system the offender is treated for the offence, this treatment may be for the psychological, psychiatric or other underlying problem which is underlying the offence committed and may not be limited to t raditional medicated treatments but may take the form of counselling, examination of self and emotions and understanding the impact of their actions (Umbriet, 1998 Graef, 2000 Radzik, 2006 Schiff, 2007 Menkle-Medow, 2007). Sutton (2002) states that the restorative justice process provides a concrete manner in which offenders can confront their own behaviour and the damage it causes. He goes on to say that the object is not to punish the offender of the prisoner but to show how they can become a part of the community even a prison community. Braithwaite (1989 cited in Graef, 2000) countered with the argument that shaming can be a useful tool in the restorative process and once used wisely forms a part of the offenders rehabilitation, this is called rehabilitative shaming.In order for restorative justice to work and healing to take place, the offender must take responsibility for their own actions and the effect on those impacted (Graef, 2000). Walgrave (2007 p.562) agrees that crim e is a public event. The following excerpt sums up the result of the act of taking responsibility by the offenderIn the restorative process, the victim has the opportunity to witness the offender taking responsibility for his or her actions and apologising for his or her behaviour. For the offender, this means taking responsibility for what happened, but doing so in a context in which he or she is reassured that he or she need to be defined by that action now ostracized forever by family, friends and community. Traditional processes tend to stigmatize both the act and the actor, in the restorative process the two are distinguished so that the offender having acknowledged responsibility and made reparations, can earn his or her way back to acceptance by the community (Brazemore, 1998 cited in Schiff, 2007 p.231).Another important result of the restorative justice process with respect to the offender is its effect on the offenders family. In many instances there are reports of the fam ily of offenders having to hide from the public or even move to other countries, states and deny any relationship with the offender because the public is willing to take their vindicate on the family if they cannot have the offender (Tudor, pp 16-19, 2002). This occurs too often to the detriment of the family and the offender. The offender usually look to their family for support, comfort and love no matter how heinous the crime, up to now if the family or support unit feels endangered by the actions of persons who are not in favour with the offender then they may not want to be in contact or may fall on foul deeds at the hands of another in society who in angry. The offenders also need a support system in order to reintegrate as a productive and valued member, usually loved ones are the distich which they use to regain trust and acceptance from society, if this is not there then there maybe a relapse (Graef, 2000, Sutton, 2002). In many cases restorative justice limits the suffe ring on the family of the offender. Sutton (2002) takes this a little further by proposing that prisons should be seen as extensions of the community and not a separate entity because it makes the offenders visible and he indicates that the prisons are community service vehicles or working communities (Graef, 2000 Sutton, 2002) and need to be seen as such, this he says is achieved through restorative justice. Through this restorative process the offender is able to re-evaluate their actions and use the network of support which is given to ensure that they never re-offend (Graef, 2000 Schiff, 2007).A recent briefing report on expenditure in the criminal courts by the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) indicated that expenditure in the criminal courts system rose by as much as thirty-one percent to 1027.89 zillion within the past three years, while staffing fell by fourteen percent (1,088 staff members) and the number of cases brought to the Crown Court increased by xvii pe rcent. This is a significant expenditure on any government for a criminal justice system. It is neatly summed up by Schiff (2007) when she stated that the criminal justice system assumes that the government is responsible to address all stakeholder concerns. Pranis (2002) made mention of the skyrocketing cost of punishment, and noted that restorative justice required much less monetary investment as it is about healing and reparations. While Menkle-Medow (2007) stated that restorative justice is less costly and more efficient in monetary and checkout effects. Due to the fact that restorative justice responds to crime and offences without utilising salaried members of the system (police, legal aid, lawyers, magistrates, clerical personnel, prison personnel, in-house counsellors and hospitals) and solutions within the system (correctional facilities, jails and hospitals) the cost of the offender and victim is much less (Marshall, 1999 Sherman Strang, 2007 Menkle-Medow, 2007). Even delays within the criminal justice system cause increases in cost. In a paper by the Barrow Cadbury institutionalize there are calculations showing the various costs and savings of diversions of cases from the criminal justice system to the restorative justice and juvenile system. It shows tremendous saving from these diversions in a period of one to five years. differences to restorative justice conferencing will realise a savings of 7,050 per offender diversions from custody to community orders via changes in sentencing guidelines will realise a savings of 1,032 per offender and diversions from trial under adult law to trial under juvenile law following maturity judicial decision is likely to produce a bearingtime cost saving to society of almost 420 per offender (Barrow Cadbury Trust, 2009). This will produce significant savings over the life of some cases where preparatory time is high and the chances of winning the case is low This is summarised by Sherman and Strang (2007) in the following quote ..one is to reduce the use of courts for processes that fail to bring offenders to justice. A second is to reduce the use of prisons for offenders whose incarceration does not prevent total crime.The unintended consequences coming out from the positive side of restorative justice as listed by the National Institute of Justice (2007) involves such things as the co-option of restorative process for coercive or punitive ends unfounded offender orientation and the expansion of social control. However according to the National Institute of Justice (2007) these are to be resisted.From the above references and studies conducted restorative justice has shown itself to be not only cost effective but also very effective in reintegrating and re-establishing some sense of normalcy in the lives of some if not most of the victims which were involved in the process. More research needs to be conducted on the variables of restorative justice which in more countries to be a ble to come to firm and conclusive statements regarding the concept. This research will also bring conclusion to thoughts from Miers et al (2001) who says that restorative justice is time consuming and labour intensive molest by communication problems and delays. Even if restorative justice does not become a mainstream section of the system, it can quite possibly be integrated into the present criminal justice system to deal with offenders or criminals (Walgrave, 2007 p. 569). In this manner he is countered by Sherman Strang (2007) with the following summary views on the effectiveness of restorative justiceCrime victims who receive restorative justice do better, than victims who do not, across a wide range of outcomes, including post-traumatic stress.In many tests, offenders who receive restorative justice commit fewer repeat crimes than offenders who do not.In no large-sample test has restorative justice increased repeat offending compared with criminal justiceDiversion from pros ecution to RJ substantially increases the odds of an offender being brought to justice.Restorative justice can do as well as, or better than, short prison sentences, as measured by repeat offending.Restorative justice reduces stated victim desire for violent revenge against offenders.With these above successes the must be some place in the system for restorative justice.

Human Cloning Should be Illegal :: Opposing Perspective Essays

piece Cloning Should be IllegalCan you imagine a world where everyone looked the similar and had the same DNA? This could become true due to the advances in science in the field of clone. We are coming into an age where scientists bring in started cloning non-human mammals as well as fish. Soon, they will want to start cloning humans. Since human cloning is so dangerous, unethical, and too expensive for reproductive purposes, it should be illegal.Human cloning is dangerous. It is estimated that between 95 and 98 percent of cloning experiments have failed (Genetics and Society). These downfalls to cloning are in the form of miscarriages and stillbirths (Genetics and Society). Cloned human beings also run the risk of having gruelling genetic abnormalities. Children cloned from adult DNA would, in a sense, already have gray genes. These childrens main problem would be developing and growing old too quickly. This includes arthritis, appearance, and organ function. Since the chance of having a child with mental and physical problems is so a lot higher than that of a normally conceived child, cloning should be illegal.Human cloning is also unethical. Cloning, especially therapeutic cloning, requires the use of human conceptuss. Using these embryos would mean killing unborn children. Therapeutic cloning begins by removing the stem cells from an embryo (Human Cloning). The stem cells are used to grow bone, nerve, and muscle tissue. In the process of therapeutic cloning, an embryo, or a baby in the early stages of development, is taken and split of it are grown to develop parts of the body including organs and limbs (Human Cloning). Removing these stem cells would kill the embryo. The embryo, which would result in a child if left in the lets womb, is separated into parts, which are used for science.Finally, human cloning for reproductive purposes is too expensive. The cost to clone one human could be more than $100,000 (Herper). That is exceedingly high con sidering the cost of in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization costs between $3,500 and $25,000 depending on the procedure (Advanced Fertility Services). If someone could not become pregnant it is much more likely that they would chose to use fertilization and be guaranteed a healthy, normal child rather than spend the money to clone a child that could have defects. With fertilization costing only one fourth of cloning, why would someone choose to clone?

The Most Influential Woman of the Past Millenium: Elizabeth Cady Stanto

The Most Influential Woman of the Past Millenium Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Rosa Parks Elizabeth Cady StantonIf there had neer been born an Elizabeth Cady Stanton, women may have never seen the rights and privileges granted to us in the Nineteenth Amendment. She was the leading fighter and driving force for womens rights she dedicated her whole life to the struggle for equality. Elizabeth had learned from her father at an early age how to debate and win court cases, and she had also experienced the discriminations against women first hand. These two qualities lead to the most influential and motivating speeches against inequality when she was older. Elizabeth vowed to herself that she would counterchange how women were viewed in society (Hildgard 2) and that, she didDue to her strong belief in equality, she had the word obey removed from her wedding vow before she would marry Henry Brewster Stanton, an abolitionist, who love her haughty nature and strong will (Raven 85). While partaking in their honeymoon, they attended the Worlds First Anti-slavery Convention in London, Stanton and Lucretia Mott were failed to be noticed as legitimate delegates(Read 417). The conventions cozy barrier humiliated and angered Stanton she promised to start a womens convention to battle the issue of equality. A cause that she faught against for most of her lifetime. Eight years later, Stanton, along with foursome other women, held the first womens convention at Seneca Falls. Here hundreds of women met to discuss the fact that they had been denied their natural rights and religious freedom. The women used the Declaration of Independence to write the Declaration of Sentiments, which include the womens bil... ...king Press, 1972.Hildgard. Distinguished Women, Fields of Activtity. Distinguished Women.28 January 2000 .James, Edward T., et al ed. Notable Women. Volume I. Cambridge, Massachusetts The Belknap Press.Martin, Linda, et al., eds. 1000 Makers of the M illenium. New York DK Publishing, 1999.Raven, Susan, and Alison Weir. Women of Achievement. New York Harmony Books, 1981.Read, Phyllis J., and Bernard L. Witlieb. The Book of Womens Firsts. New York haphazard House, 1992.Saari, Peggy, ed. Prominent Women of the 20th Century. Volume 4. New York International Thompson Publishing Company, 1996.Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. Eleanor of Acquitaine. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.The National Womens Hall of Fame. Internet. 19 January 2000 .